Chapter 6: SETTLEMENT AND LAND USE PATTERNS

Author: Bryan Tladi(1), Titus Baloyi(2) and Christian Marfo(3)

1.Bohlweki Environmental (Pty) Ltd., Midrand, Johannesburg
2.Bembani Sustainability Training, Midrand, Johannesburg
3.Tikoloko Agricultural and Environmental Consultants, Braamfontein, Johannesburg

CONTENTS

Settlement Patterns

Development and Land Use Patterns

References

Maps:

Main land uses in the North West Province (Map 21)
Land ownership in the North West Province (Map 22)

6.1 Settlement Patterns

6.1.1 Introduction

The history of the settlement patterns of the Batswana people dates back to 1300 -1600 AD when the first Sotho ethno-linguistic group trekked southwards from the Great Lakes of East Africa, and settled in the vast open spaces of what were later called Botswana, Eastern Kalahari, Transvaal and Orange Free State, most of which today forms part of the North West Province. Following the end of the tribal wars (1850-1870) and in terms of the South African Bantu Trust Act of 1913 and 1936, the Tswana early settlers were moved to what later became Bophuthatswana on the basis of ethnicity. Large towns of the BaTswanas such as Dithakeng, Kuruman and Ramoutsa were built along the lines of Iron Ore deposits. For administrative purposes, villages were divided into wards or dikgoro and further sub-divided into kgotla with main occupational activities being stock-raising, crop farming and mining.
In 1972 after the establishment of the Bopthuthatswana Legislative Assembly, the homeland was divided into 12 magisterial districts consisting of 75 SeTswana speaking tribes. None of these areas had big towns or cities and the period between 1973 and 1975 saw the unsuccessful claim to Mafikeng, Rustenburg, Brits, Zeerust, Lichtenburg and Vryburg by the Bophuthaswana government. These areas were originally meant for White enclaves with the main economic activity being farming. Following the 1994 general elections and new regionalisation, these areas all became part of what is now the North West Province. Historically, conflicts and aggressions among the various Tswana tribes and invasions by the rising Zulu empire resulted in migration of tribes to as far as the borders of the Kalahari Desert. Others who accepted Boer authority following their rescue from Mzilikazi's (a leader of the Khumalo tribe of Matebele and a breakaway from the Zulu empire) massacre and rule, settled along the Vaal River and in the Transvaal.

Following the independence of Bopthuthatswana, urbanised centres in the likes of Odi and Moretele became heavily populated due to their proximity to the Pretoria/Witwatersrand industrial complex, where many commuters were employed. Population density in the East (Odi) grew due to the rapid growth of towns of Mabopane and Ga-Rankuwa north of Pretoria and Mothutlhung near Brits, as well as spontaneous settlements such as Winterveld, Klipgat and Nooitgedacht. The development of growth points at Babelegi in the Moretele district and the establishment of industries at border industrial growth point of Rosslyn, created a spontaneous urban settlement patterns in these areas. On the other hand, the barren Ganyesa area in the Kalahari was and still characterised by low population densities. The resettlement of BaTswanas' in Bopthuthatswana in 1976 also saw the proclamation of about 14 towns most of which owe their existence to their labour supply to the White cities and towns of Pretoria, Brits, Rosslyn, Lichtenburg, Swartruggens and Rustenburg, among others. Very few of the proclaimed towns had any economic base of their own. After the amalgamation of the old Bopthuthatswana and the former Republic of South Africa, the illusion of the availability of employment opportunities resulted in an exodus towards the more urbanised areas.

6.1.2 Driving forces

Settlement patterns are influenced by certain factors of survival such as the availability of land for farming or grazing, mineral resources, proximity to water and its resources, safely from potential enemy attack and ethnic or group homogeneity or characteristics. Settlement patterns and concomitant population density and growth varies in response to climatic and natural resource factors, land availability, historical and political factors and economic opportunities. The driving forces behind current settlement patterns are economic activities, and industrial employment opportunities resulting in increasing urbanisation. Following the abolition of separate development policies and practices based on race and ethnicity, there has been a general tendency amongst the unemployed and labourers in rural areas to over-estimate the capacity of the urban environment to provide employment opportunities for them and their families. The quest for employment opportunities has proven to be an extremely strong economic force for the seemingly dominant migratory trends into urban centres within the Province.

Abject poverty and unemployment in the rural areas has resulted in the migration of rural males into most of these cities in search of employment opportunities. This has created huge population pressures on these urban centres and its resources and a corresponding low rural population deprived of its economically active group and thus crippling, in particular, the subsistence agricultural sector.

6.1.3 Pressures

The following are some of the pressures that influence the settlement patterns in South Africa and in the North West Province:

Increasing population growth with its associated change in mobility, distribution and structure;
Technological advancement and aspirations for improved quality of life;
Increasing demand for resources;
Rapid urbanisation aggravated by employment opportunities in urban areas;
Increased pollution and waste generation due to changing consumption patterns; and
Small proportion of the population formally contributing to the economy.

Due to modern settlement patterns, the current population growth rate is highest in the Rustenburg, Southern and Eastern Districts and lowest in the Bophirima District (refer to Table 6.1.2). In many cases, the rapid rate of population growth is consistent with the trends in environmental degradation and rapid depletion of natural resources. Generally the rural settlements, informal settlements and traditional villages have little or no basic services (water, sewerage, communications, electricity) compared to the large towns, even when they are located adjacent to the large towns.

6.1.4 State

The North West Province is the sixth largest of South Africa's provinces, and has the third lowest population density. Almost 23% of the population live in the formal urban areas, which offer better work opportunities than the rural areas. These areas are concentrated in the Central, Southern, Rustenburg and Eastern Districts. Similar to major centres in the country, towns like Klerksdorp, Rustenburg and Potchefstroom have substantially gained lower income migrants over the last 5 years. Based on the concept of mobility transition, and the tendency of less educated people to largely engage in stepwise and chain migration, it seems logical that local urban centres have attracted local migrants. However, because of the mining activities especially in Klerksdorp and Rustenburg, migrants from as far as Lesotho, Zimbabwe, and other provinces within South Africa are also present. These migrants are mainly accommodated in informal settlements.

Most of the rural communities are found in the Bophirima District followed by the Central Eastern, Rustenburg and Southern Districts. Rural villages in the west and north are small and scattered, and the majority of which are located in the former Bophuthatswana areas. Most of these communal areas are also over-crowded, giving rise to squatter settlements. The historically white rural areas are dominated by commercial farms with a few, large villages and formal towns. The district size and population statistics and their ranking in ascending order are provided in Table 6.1.1, which provide a summary of the settlement patterns for the North West Province.

Table 6.1.1: North West Province's population distribution and density by District Council in 1996 (Source: DWAF 1998a; 1998b)

DISTRICT	AREA (HA)		POPULATION DISTRIBUTION			DENSITY
		Rank	In 1996	%	Rank	People/km2	Rank
Bophirima	48 192	5	502 607	14	1	10.43	1
Central	21 219	4	601 807	16	2	28.36	2
Rustenburg	13 006	2	605 217	16	3	46.53	3
Southern	17 243	3	873 225	24	4	50.64	4
Eastern	5 341	1	1 110 853	30	5	207.99	5

6.1.5 Impacts

The settlement patterns observed in the North West Province are likely to have the following impacts:

Localised degradation of soil, vegetation and water resources;
Generation of high volumes of household and domestic wastes associated with community activities create serious pollution problems. Sources of pollution include litter, household waste, medical waste, chemicals, sewerage, fumes from fossil fuels, and industrial wastes and pollutants;
Escalation of social environment problems such as crime;
Stress on health and social welfare facilities and schools;
Impact of road and other infrastructures;
In the rural communal areas there is over-utilization of natural resources such as (forests) wood, soil, vegetation, etc.; and
The potential spread of communicable diseases and epidemics due to overcrowding which may lead to fatalities.

6.1.6 Responses

The previous Apartheid regime implemented the policy of influx control in an attempt to manage migration to urban areas, which was abolished in the 1980's. The South African Constitution (Act No. 108 of 1996), the Reconstruction and Development Programme (1994) and more specifically the Population Policy for South Africa (1998) are all aimed at responding to and providing directions for co-ordinated responses to population issues. The Land Reform Programme, Rural Development initiatives and rural livelihood programmes of the UNDP, Housing and Agricultural development programmes, among others are all responses by government to minimise the mass migration of rural dwellers to peri-urban and urban centres.

6.1.7 Outcomes

The outcomes of most of these interventions have not as yet, yielded the intended results. The anticipated growth in infrastructure provision and job opportunities, have not fully materialised due to financial resources constraints and other factors.

6.1.8 Linkages

This chapter is linked to:

Chapter 3 on the social environment;
Chapter 4 on the economic environment;
Chapter 7 on industrial and economic activities; and
Chapter 13 on human health and well-being.

6.1.9 Data issues and indicators

Data issues - No accurate data exists to benchmark trends in urban and rural settlement patterns in the North West Province. Further research needs to be undertaken to assess the impact of the influx of immigrants from beyond the borders of the country, on settlement patterns. These people, obviously have an impact on the existing resources and consumption of services.

Indicators - The South African national Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism is currently in the process of selecting national environmental indicators for use in South Africa A list of potential indicators for human settlements is presented in Table 6.1.2 as proposed in the National Core Set of Environmental Indicators (DEAT, 2001). It is recommended that the North West Province identify appropriate indicators from this national set which they can then use at a provincial level for reporting on human settlements.

Table 6.1.2. The proposed list of Human Settlements Indicators for South Africa (Source: DEAT, 2001).

Issue	Indicator	Type	Level	Frequency	Scale	Linkages
Urban Decay	Percentage Public Urban Green Space per Settlement Area	S	2	5 yearly	Local
Urban Decay	Percentage derelict areas in urban settlements	S	2	5 yearly	Local
Urban Sprawl	Percent of non-urban land converted to urban uses	S	2	5 yearly	Local
Densification of Human Settlements	Urban vs rural population density	P	1	5 yearly	Local	CSD Social
	Percent dwelling types per settlement category	S	1	Annual	Local	DPLG
	Percentage and rate of growth of rural and urban population	P	1	5 yearly	National	CSD Social

CSD: Commission for Sustainable Development
DPLG: Department of Provincial and Local Government Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)

Type refers to the D-P-S-I-R model categories (Driving Forces, Pressures, States, Impacts, Responses respectively).

Level indicates the current availability of information pertaining to each indicator:

Level 1: adequate data is currently available for the indicator and the indicator can be used without incurring additional data collection costs.
Level 2: the indicator is considered to be feasible, but data availability is limited.
Level 3: the indicator is not currently being used, and no data exists

Frequency refers to the proposed frequency of reporting on each indicator for meaningful results and trends to be obtained. However, data collection will necessarily be more frequent than the reporting frequency.

Scale refers to the geographical scale at which the indicator is applicable: national, provincial, local or catchment level.

Linkages refers to possible commonalities between the particular indicator and other indicators used for reporting obligations as required by international conventions ratified by South Africa.

For more information on indicators, please refer to the section on environmental and sustainable development indicators for the full set of proposed indicators for future monitoring and reporting.

6.1.10 Conclusion and recommendations

Settlement patterns are influenced by a number of factors including the availability of water, land, proximity to markets and other economic considerations. This is evident in the marked variation in settlement patterns of the more sparsely populated and arid west compared to the economically active eastern region of the Province. Modern-day siting and development of settlements in the Province has been based on their proximity to mining activity and the industrial centres of Pretoria and Johannesburg. Since the 1980s, a large shift in population of North West Province has occurred from the rural to urban areas. The shift has been most significant from the former Bophuthatswana areas than in the South African areas. However, the Province remains predominantly rural, with 65% of the population living in rural areas. It appears that all urban areas of the Province experience a high population growth rate and a decline in the quality of life for the rural communities. This comes as a result of the previous government's failure to emphasise the need for an integrated development approach.

Few rural settlements, informal settlements and traditional villages have any significant economic base of their own and have little or no basic services. The situation is worst in the low-density rural areas of the north and west. The status of many settlements relating to their siting and management is currently not in harmony with the concept of sustainable development. Negative impacts include: Degradation of natural resources such as soils, vegetation and water resources, accumulated and unprocessed domestic waste problems, crime and unemployment, stress on the health and social welfare system, poor roads and infrastructure. Rural development strategies need to be implemented more rigorously to alter the inequalities created through systems of the former dispensation.

The problem of high urbanisation rate without a corresponding expansion of basic social service infrastructure deserves attention in the formulation of strategies and urban management policies. It is recommended that the containment of urbanisation and informal settlement sprawl should be a long-term priority of the North West Province Government. An optimal balance between rural and urban development must be found through an in-depth assessment of the human and natural resource base and their development potential in the Province.

Strengthening the institutional base for research and planning, as well as for the drafting of legal instruments to regulate settlement and environmental questions in the context of balanced development is fundamental to establishing a sustainable development.
The agreement stated in A re Ageng (2001) on population policy and planning to develop an integrated socio-economic and political approach towards development has potential to provide a right platform for considering population variables throughout the provincial government departments. In addition, the integration of IEM into future development of settlement patterns is also advocated. This will ensure that many departments focus on the holistic approach of sustainable development.

6.2 Development and Land Use Patterns

6.2.1 Introduction

Development and land use patterns are closely linked to settlement patterns. Development and land use patterns in the former Bophuthatswana (largely incorporated into today's North West Province) and the Republic of South Africa differed significantly based on their respective development policies, priorities, resource endowment and availability. The role of capital flow and injection both from the respective national governments, between rural and urban areas, and between rural areas in the commercial farming areas and the rural areas in the former Bophuthatswana, determined the historical development and land use patterns of the Province. The following land uses are prominent in the North West Province (see Map 21):

Agriculture;
Mining;
Conservation;
Industrial;
Commercial;
Recreational, and
Residential.

Development and land use could be determined by climatic and agro-ecological conditions, settlement patterns, and of course the prevailing government policy and priorities of the day. The historical developments and land use patterns in the North West Province were driven mainly by the mining opportunities in the eastern part of the Province (Klerksdorp, Potchefstroom and Rustenburg), and by the extensive nature of agricultural development, which required towns and cities as service centres. Intensive agricultural development and land use was driven by irrigation opportunities along the Crocodile River in the north (Brits as the main city), and in the southeast, the Vaal and Harts Rivers, with Bloemhof and Taung being the central towns within the Province's boundaries. Land ownership is also a significant driving force shaping development and land use patterns in the province. Most of the land in the Province is privately owned, while the majority of the tribal land areas were formerly in the Republic of Bophuthatswana. This has had a significant influence on the development and land uses occurring in the Province.

The historical development of the road network focused on linking Gauteng, Botswana and the Cape with the North West Province, and on serving the mining and agricultural towns and cities. This means that the previously mainly white towns and cities of Brits, Rustenburg, Zeerust, Lichtenburg, Coligny, Ventersdorop, Potchefstroom, Klerksdorp, Wolmaransstad, Bloemhof, Schweizer-Reneke and Vryburg are all well connected by road networks. Thus, development has been concentrated in the Eastern and Southern sections of the Province. Telephonic communications have followed similar patterns.

6.2.3 Pressures

As with settlement patterns, the following pressures are associated with development and land use patterns:

Population growth;
Lack of economic growth (fourth lowest of the provinces) and associated poor job opportunities;
Increasing demand for land;
Competition for suitable land between different forms of land use, and
Growing aspirations of the population for housing and land re-distribution.

6.2.4 State

The North West Province is 11 632 000 ha in extent, of which 81% is potential farming land. Of this farming land, 28% is potentially arable, 46% is grazing land and 6,4% is used for nature conservation. Agricultural land use patterns shows total field crops occupying about 2,06 million ha, horticultural crop takes about 67 879 ha, grazing land accounts for about 2,97 million ha and mixed farming, about 1,2 million ha. Land use is also linked to land ownership, of which there are three main types: privately owned, communal or tribal lands and state land (see Map 22). Most of the land in the Province is privately owned (mostly by Whites) and committed to agriculture.

The agricultural activities in the eastern, wetter parts of the Province comprise mainly livestock and cropping, with limited forest patches, while in the drier western parts extensive livestock and wildlife farming are prevalent. There are three major irrigation schemes on the Crocodile, Vaal and Harts Rivers. The Vaalharts irrigation area covers a total area of about 43 700 ha with wheat, maize and groundnut taking 36%, 23% and 22% respectively of the total irrigated fields. Smaller irrigation schemes, including those of Taung, Manyeding, Bodibe and Tlhaping-Tlharo, cover about 4 500 ha giving a round figure of about 50 000 ha of land under irrigation (see chapter 7.1 on Agriculture for more information).

The mining areas in the North West Province lie predominantly within the Bushveld Complex, a sill-like mineral-rich geological feature about 50 000 km in extent. Mining forms a significant land use in the province, but specific land area data for the North West Province is unavailable. Mining activities occur mainly in the Rustenburg and Southern Districts, and include the extraction of uranium, gold, iron, chrome, manganese, platinum, coal, granite, marble, slate, limestone, wonderstone, and andalusite, as well as stone crushing, and clay and sand pits (see chapter 7.2 on Mining for more information).

Commercial, industrial, and residential land uses, and roads and dams are estimated to contribute about 15% to total land use. Table 6.2.1 indicates land utilisation in the North West Province.

Table 6.2.1: Land utilisation in selected districts of the North West Province (Source: Kirsten 1993).

District	Area (Ha)	Arable Land (Ha)		Established Pastures (Ha)		Natural Pasture (Ha)	Non-Agricultural (Ha)
		Dryland	Irri-gation	Dry-land	Irri-gation
Swat-ruggens	175800	14 943	4746	800	-	150607	4219
Rusten-burg	209400	19485	6893	1000	-	176378	4194
Brits	248200	28889	42570	3879	4730	164714	8061
Marico	623100	66392	6327	1830	316	548752	3500
Potchef-stroom	357200	112767	7823	62835	6982	156028	23888
Lichten-burg	528000	281865	27774	54836	-	140080	14645
Klerks-dorp	354600	136771		47175	-	79209	23103
Venters-dorp	355200	138886	14624	29923	-	159688	12061
Coligny	153200	80409	9662	19062	1924	39768	4299

6.2.5 Impacts

Agriculture - the environmental impacts of the irrigation schemes arise from potential groundwater pollution and salinisation of soils. Farming activities have a range of impacts, from total vegetation clearing under intensive agronomic production, to wildlife farming with its associated conservation of the natural environment.
In respect of general land uses, available literature suggests that most land in the Province is used for purposes for which it is not suited, such as cultivating grazing land and vice-versa or irrigating where the land characteristics are not suitable for irrigation purposes.
Mining - the impact of mining on the environment includes acidification of soil, water through acid mine drainage; impacts on land quality and land transformation.
Residential - environmental impacts include increased demand for land, land transformation through urban development, impacts on biodiversity and water and soil quality.
Industrial and commercial land uses - impacts include land transformation, soil and water quality amongst others.
Conservation - this form of land use generally has a positive effect on land condition, soil and water quality and biodiversity.
Recreational - land is generally managed to optimise the recreational value. Hence, there is generally a positive impact as a result of this form of land use, although there may be impacts associated with infrastructure development for parks and other developments associated with leisure activities.

6.2.6 Responses

Legislative responses

The response of government and other responsible agencies has been varied in ensuring sustainable development and land uses. This includes policy and legislative instruments such as:

South Africa Agricultural Policy document of 1996;
Environment Conservation Act (Act No. 73 of 1989) and amendments;
White Paper on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of South Africa's Biological Diversity (October 1996);
Water Services Act (Act No. 108 of 1997);
Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act (Act No. 43 of 1983);
Communal Property Association Act (Act No. 28 of 1996);
Provision of Certain Land for Settlement Amendment Bill, and
Restitution of Land Rights Amendment Act (Act No. 22 of 1994), amongst others.

All these are aimed at regulating development and land use and its impact on the environment.

Institutional responses

Other responses include, for example, changes in agricultural production systems from conventional high input resources to use of low external inputs and or organic farming systems. Decentralisation of development activities into Local Authorities' control, and improvement and redesign of rural and urban waste management systems should ensure control and proper demarcation of land use, zoning of land for specific land uses has been introduced, especially in urban areas.

6.2.7 Outcomes

Most of these legislative responses to development and land uses have failed to achieve the desired result due to lack of capacity to enforce implementation and slow progression of change. It must also be recognised that this is a long-term process. However, Acts like the Restitution of Land Rights Act (Act 22 of 1994) and the Provision of Certain Land for Settlement Amendment Bill have succeeded in giving land rights to some previously dispossessed people, thus reducing congestion in rural and communal areas where they lived, and helping to ease the pressures on the limited resources.
The introduction of emerging commercial farmers into the mainstream agricultural economy is an equally important outcome of policy processes. The impact of the policies aimed at commercialising small-scale farmers is yet to be evaluated in term of the benefits for development and land use patterns in the Province.

6.2.8 Linkages

Issues in this section have linkages with the following chapters:

Chapter 3 on the social environment;
Chapter 4 on the economic environment;
Chapter 5 on the policy and legislative environment;
Chapter 7 on developmental and economic activities;
Chapter 9 on land transformation and soil quality;
Chapter10 on water resources;
Chapter11 on biodiversity and conservation;
Chapter12 on heritage resources;
Chapter13 on human health and well-being.

6.2.9 Data issues and indicators

Data issues - Development and land use data, in particular agricultural land-use data in the former Bophuthatswana, is scant and needs to be updated. Qualitative and quantitative data on the outcomes of different development and land use models following an integrated North West Province are unavailable. Data existing prior to 1994 for the former Republic of South Africa and Bophuthatswana areas as contained in available literature may not be entirely reliable due to biases, distortions and mis-information as a result of the political order of the day.

Indicators - The South African national Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism is currently in the process of selecting national environmental indicators for use in South Africa A list of potential indicators for land use is presented in Table 6.2.2 as proposed in the National Core Set of Environmental Indicators (DEAT, 2001). It is recommended that the North West Province identify appropriate indicators from this national set which they can then use at a provincial level for reporting on land use.

Table 6.2.2. The proposed list of Land Use Indicators for South Africa (Source: DEAT, 2001).

Issue	Indicator	Type	Level	Frequency	Scale	Linkages
Land degradation	Soil loss	S	2	5 yearly	National
	Extent of Land Degradation	P	2	5 yearly	National	UNCCD
	Wasted and degraded land in mining zones	S	2	5 yearly	National
	Quality of mining operations	R	1	Annual	National
Land use management	Change in land use over time	S	2	5 yearly	National	UNCCD
	Enforcement of the Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act	R	1	Annual	Provincial
	Land Productivity vs Potential	S	3	5 yearly	National
	Permanent loss of agriculturally productive land	S	3	5 yearly	National	UNCCD
Integrated Issues	Land degradation per GDP in the mining sector	P	1	Annual	Sectoral
Integrated Issues	Wasted and degraded land in mining zones per GDP in the mining sector	S	2	Annual	Sectoral

UNCCD: United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

Type refers to the D-P-S-I-R model categories (Driving Forces, Pressures, States, Impacts, Responses respectively). Level indicates the current availability of information pertaining to each indicator:

Frequency refers to the proposed frequency of reporting on each indicator for meaningful results and trends to be obtained. However, data collection will necessarily be more frequent than the reporting frequency.

Scale refers to the geographical scale at which the indicator is applicable: national, provincial, local or catchment level.

Linkages refers to possible commonalities between the particular indicator and other indicators used for reporting obligations as required by international conventions ratified by South Africa.

For more information on indicators, please refer to the section on environmental and sustainable development indicators for the full set of proposed indicators for future monitoring and reporting.

6.2.10 Conclusion and recommendations

The most prominent land uses in the North West Province are:

Agriculture;
Mining;
Residential;
Industrial;
Commercial;
Conservation, and
Recreational.

Despite a change in government priorities, the land use patterns have not changed much for both the former Republic of South Africa and Bophuthatswana areas since 1994. On the other hand, community and other economic development activities have progressed significantly as a result of the various development initiatives with the support of the donor communities. Availability of land use data or information is lacking and a concerted effort is needed to integrate agricultural and other development data at the district level for the entire Province in order to facilitate a comprehensive and effective integrated environmental management programme.

There needs to be a provincial development strategy relating in particular to the distribution and utilisation of natural resources and minimization of negative impacts on the environment. There is a need for property rights that create incentives for sustainable resource use. The process of land redistribution should be accelerated. New agricultural development interventions and strategies should strive for sustainable utilisation of resources, particularly finite resources such as land. Non-agricultural land use practices should be encouraged eg. conservation and tourism.

References

African National Congress (ANC). 1994. The Reconstruction and Development Programme. Cape Town, South Africa.
A Re Ageng. 2001. North West Province Annual Report 2 1999-2000. North West Province, Mmabatho, 108pp.
Ballance, A. and N. King. 1999. State of the Environment in South Africa - An Overview. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria.
Benbo, M. 1977. Bophuthatswana at Independence. Bureau for Economic Research and Development, Pretoria.
Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Environment, North West Province (NWDACE). 1999. Analogue maps for the North-West Province. NWDACE, Potchefstroom.
Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT). 2001. National Core Set of Environmental Indicators for the State of Environment Reporting in South Africa: Scoping Report. DEAT, Pretoria.
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF). 1998a. North West Province Provincial Perspective: Community Water Supply and Sanitation Strategy. DWAF, Pretoria.
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF). 1998b. North West Province Provincial Perspective: Community Water Supply and Sanitation Strategy. DWAF, Pretoria.
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF). 1998c. North West Province Bophirima District Council, First Order Strategy. DWAF, Pretoria.
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF). 1998d. North West Province Rustenburg District Council, First Order Strategy. DWAF, Pretoria.
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF). 1998e. North West Province Southern District Council, First Order Strategy. DWAF, Pretoria.
Jeffrey, A.J. 1993. Conflicts at the Crossroads in Bophuthatswana. South Africa Institute of Race Relation, Johannesburg.
Kirsten, J., J. May, A. Myamande, D. Tapson, R. van der Brink & W. Wentzel. 1993. Developing Models of Land Use Activities: Agricultural Development Options. Land and Agricultural Policy Centre Research Paper 8: World Bank Rural Restructuring Programme for South Africa. LAPC, Johannesburg.
Land and Agricultural Policy Centre (LAPC). Land Reform Research Phase One. Provincial Overview Report: North West Province. Land and Agricultural Policy Centre Working Paper No. 24. LAPC, Johannesburg.

Policy And Legislative Environment

Contents

Major and Industrial And Economic Activities