The North West Province has wide array of biodiversity, ecosystem and habitat diversity, both in the terrestrial and aquatic environments. This is largely due to the diverse nature of the Province's landscape (see Chapter 2). However, like much of South Africa, the North West Province falls within what is described by the United Nations as "affected drylands" (UNCCD 1994), which are perceived to be ecologically sensitive as they are more vulnerable to major ecological disturbances.
The natural driving forces affecting biodiversity are evolutionary processes, extinction rates, population dynamics, ecological interactions, habitat diversity and quality, and climate change. Natural disturbances such as floods, droughts, fires and outbreaks of diseases also play an important role in ecosystems and constituent biodiversity and habitat quality.
However, in recent times unnatural disturbances have played an even greater role in shaping ecosystems, biodiversity and habitats. Anthropogenic driving forces include:
There is little doubt that the effects of human activities exert severe pressure on biodiversity, ecosystems and habitat diversity. These include land and habitat transformation, soil degradation, overgrazing of natural veld, bush encroachment, deforestation, water abstraction and water quality deterioration through mining, widespread use of insecticides and other toxins in the agricultural sector and other forms of pollution from industry, informal settlements and several other urban sources see chapter9 see chapter 10 see chapter 13.
In the North West Province, there are substantial areas considered to be under ecological stress. Hoffman & Ashwell (2001) rate the North West Province as one of the most ecologically stressed provinces in South Africa. General land and soil degradation as a response to overgrazing, is prevalent especially in the Highveld Grassland. Bush encroachment is a form of ecological succession in response to veld disturbance and selective changes in ecosystem composistion. It is a fairly recent occurrence in the North West Province, having first been recorded in the 1940s in arid savanna of the Kalahari.
Habitat alteration through land-uses such as agriculture, infrastructure development and mining exerts pressure on biodiversity and species composition (see Section 11.2 and 11.3).
Trade in fauna and flora has severe impacts on populations of target species and can result in "knock on" effects for the ecosystem if not properly managed. Often the methods of collecting these species are destructive, which further exacerbates the problem (see Section 11.4).
Alien plant and animal introductions have had a significant impact on indigenous biodiversity, ecosystems and habitat quality throughout South Africa. The net result is a loss of species richness, through the replacement or suppression of indigenous species and alteration in ecosystem functioning (Breytenbach 1986). Many alien plant invader species tend to be more successful in establishing viable populations in disturbed areas such as cultivated lands and urban environments (Le Maitre 1999).
Seasonal fires place natural pressure on savanna ecosystems, but incorrect, deliberate veld burning to induce fresh plant growth for the summer season may be having a negative impact on several plant species that are not adapted to such fire regimes and general vegetative cover as well as plant vigour (Hoffman & Todd 1999). Excessive veld burning also impacts on the overall ecological functioning and succession as well as the resident fauna (particularly reptiles and invertebrates) and their breeding and feeding habitat quality.
In the aquatic environment (particularly the ecologically sensitive dolomitic eyes), competing forms of water utilisation and exploitation has the potential to cause significant habitat modification (Skelton et al. 1994). Other pressures on the aquatic ecosystems are detailed in Chapter 10. Those that affect habitat integrity and biological functioning significantly include pollution of the resource and river regulation in the form of IBTs and dams.
The unique dolomitic ecosystems of the North West Province face several threats (Batchelor 1991):
Terrestrial vegetation ecosystems in the North West Province range from the open savanna of the sandveld of the Kalahari in the west, to the bushveld ecosystems of the eastern region (Map 17). The sandveld of the Kalahari supports the fragile desert ecosystems dominated by acacias (such as Acacia erioloba), hardy shrubs and other xerophytes (desert-adapted plants) and a number of hardy desert-adapted animals including carnivores, rodents, reptiles and invertebrates (Anderson 1996).
The thornveld savanna ecosystems characteristic of the south-west of the Province consist largely of open plains and shallow, often rocky, soils with occasional protrusions of dolerite koppies. The thornveld savanna is dominated by an array of Acacia species (such as Acacia tortilis and A. mellifera), which provide suitable nesting sites for several species of birds and browsing habitat for kudu. Several grasses (such as Cymbopogon plurinodis) are also known from the plains. The dolerite koppies are home to aloes (such as Aloe grandidentata) and bulb species (such as Boophane distichya) (Anderson 1996).
The shrubveld, which extends from Kuruman to Stella, is dominated by the camphor bush shrub Tarchonanthus camphoratus). The area associated with the Ghaap Plateau is also dolomitic and has a number of fountains, vleis and pans, sinkholes and caves. A number of birds, mammals (including the Cape clawless otter and water mongoose) are known to inhabit these unique aquatic habitats (Anderson 1996).
Two disjunct areas of mountain veld occur near the Vostershoop region in the north-western corner of the Province. This vegetation type is characterized by a diversity of grasses, shrubs and trees (such as the karee Rhus sp. and lavender croton Croton gratissimus) which grow on the rugged rocky slopes of these mountains. The slopes also provide habitat for klipsringer, rock hyrax, and Cape grey mongoose (Anderson 1996).
The plains, which are the dominant feature of the central region of the Province, have largely been transformed by monocultural cropping for agricultural purposes. However, there are isolated and largely fragmented areas of natural grassland.
The bushveld ecosystems of the eastern region of the Province support a greater diversity of habitats and ecosystems. Other ecologically sensitive terrestrial ecosystems in the east of the Province include the montane ecosystems of the Magaliesberg, Madikwe Enselbergs, the gabbro-norite koppies which protrude periodically from the landscape north of Pretoria, westwards to the Pilanesberg and northwards towards Northam. These are known to possess unique habitats and ecosystems (Tladi 2001) as well as many sites of archaeological importance.
The wide range of climatic and topographical conditions in the North West Province contribute to a correspondingly rich and diverse array of life. Although several studies regarding the biodiversity of some faunal/floristic groups within the North West Province have been conducted, little of the information has been collated, and in general, there is a lack of accurate distributional data of the majority of animal and plant species, and their ecological affinities to the abiotic environment.
The North West Province has the second lowest plant diversity of all provinces in South Africa (Table 11.1.1). A provisional list of the large shrubs and trees of the North West Province (Newbery 1995a) contains 217 species, 22 of which are marginal and require confirmation (Appendix 1). Of the 200 dominant grasses described in Grasses of South Africa (Van Oudtshoorn 1991), 160 occur in the North West Province. Several endemic plant species have been recorded from the Magaliesberg Mountain range, including the turk's cap (Aloe peglerae) and the fairy elephant's foot Frithia pulchra, which are found nowhere else, and the kloof-dwelling tree fern Cyathea dregei (Boshoff 2001). There are several Red Data Book plant species in the Province (Appendix 2). The majority are considered to be "rare", while one species (Euphorbia perangusta) has been accorded "endangered" conservation status.
| Province | No. of Biomes |
No. of Acocks Veld Types |
No. of Plant Species |
|---|---|---|---|
| Western Cape | 6 | 18 | 8925 |
| Eastern Cape | 7 | 29 | 6164 |
| Kwa-Zulu Natal | 4 | 19 | 6141 |
| Northern Cape | 6 | 18 | 5067 |
| Mpumalanga | 3 | 15 | 4782 |
| Northern Province | 3 | 14 | 4236 |
| Gauteng | 2 | 8 | 3303 |
| North-West | 2 | 11 | 3025 |
| Free State | 3 | 17 | 2984 |
According to the NWPTB, the total size of formally protected areas is 283 308 ha (2,833.08 km2). This amounts to approximately 2,44 % of the Province, which falls well below the 10% of each vegetation type suggested by the Rio Convention to be set aside for officially protected areas. Coupled with this, the establishment of parks in the North West Province was generally not planned, resulting in some vegetation types being poorly conserved. The current socio-economic constraints facing the country therefore necessitates the implementation of alternative measures to conserve biological diversity, such as conservancies and provate nature reserves (Newbery 2001).Appendix 10. provides an overview of the formally protected areas under the management of the NWPTB and management goals for each reserve.
The North West Province encloses two major biomes, viz. the Grassland Biome and the Savanna Biome (Map 16). Of the vegetation types occurring in the Province (Map 17), the Mixed Bushveld (Savanna Biome), is conserved in smaller provincial reserves and private game farms (Rustenburg area), with several areas being transformed by grazing and cropping activities. The Kalahari Plains Thorn Bushveld (Savanna Biome) is poorly conserved in private game farms, while the Kimberley Thorn Bushveld (Savanna Biome) is also conserved pressure of grazing, and is extremely poorly conserved. The Rocky Highveld Grassland (Lichtenburg, Magaliesberg region) is also under constant pressure by cattle and cropping activities, and is poorly conserved in the Rustenburg area. The Eastern Mixed Nama Karoo, where it forms an ecotone with the Grassland plains of North West Province, is poorly conserved, and are threatened by overgrazing and cropping activities (Newbery 2001).
The Kalahari Plains Thorn Bushveld of the savanna Biome (Low & Rebelo 1996) is characterised by a fairly well-developed tree stratum (such as Camel thorn, Shepherd's tree), a moderate shrub layer, and a grass cover, depending on the rainfall. Livestock, game farming and mining activities occur in the poorly conserved vegetation type. The Kimberley Thorn Bushveld (Savanna Biome), covering the Schweizer-Reneke area, is an open savanna, with livestock and game farming, and mining being important. Conservation in North West Province in this veld type is on private game farms. The Kalahari Plateau Bushveld (Savanna Biome) in the Vryburg-Kuruman area, is a fairly dense bushveld of shrubs, small trees and mixed grassland. Livestock, game farming and mining are the main driving forces in this region. This vegetation type is poorly conserved, and not represented in any sizeable reserve (this vegetation type excludes the Molopo Game Reserve) (Newbery 2001).
The Rocky Highveld Grassland, which includes Lichtenburg, the southern slopes of the Magaliesburg and the dolomite plains in North West Province, is restricted to exposed sites in the irregular landscape. Maize production and grazing by cattle are the main driving forces. In North West Province, this veld type is poorly conserved in Rustenburg, Boskop Dam Nature Reserve and smaller reserves. The Dry Sandy Highveld Grassland, found on the plains of the south-eastern parts of North West Province, merges with the Kalahari Thornveld in the west. Maize and other crops have replaced grazing in several areas. The conservation status of the veld type is described as very poor, with small remnants in North West Province represented only in Barberspan and SA Lombard (Newbery, 2001).
The Eastern Mixed Nama Karoo reflects an ecotone between the Grassland Biome, and is a complex mix of grass-and shrub-dominated vegetation types. This area is very sensitive to grazing and cropping activities, and is poorly conserved (Newbery 2001).
The occurrence of alien vegetation in formally protected areas is also rather extensive throughout the province. This not only has an impact upon the biodiversity of the area, but also the economic impact of controlling infestations is rather extensive.
Formally protected areas generally exert a positive impact on the region as a whole. Examples of these positive impacts include:
Negative impacts associated with protected areas include:
However, negative impacts of other activities upon protected areas are often far more detrimental. For example, insensitive developments and lack of proper planning in the surrounding region may have severe impacts upon formally protected areas. According to Clarke (1991) the biggest threat to South Africa's remaining wild places is poorly planned development. An example of this is the housing development currently underconstruction immediately adjacent to the Rustenburg Nature Reserve. On occasions the air pollutants from the mines in the Rustenburg area are so thick that game viewing potential in the Pilanesberg National Park is seriously impacted. The aesthetic and visual impacts of powerlines through parks also illustrate this point.
International recognition of the proclamation of formally protected natural areas was established through the Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD) and Agenda 21.
One of the aims of the CBD aims is the identification of categories of biodiversity for conservation and sustainable use.
(a) Establish a system of protected areas or areas where special measures need to be taken to conserve biological diversity;
(b) Develop, where necessary, guidelines for the selection, establishment and management of protected areas or areas where special measures need to be taken to conserve biological diversity."
In accordance with this, the IUCN has thus classified marine and terrestrial areas into such categories. South Africa has also published its own classification of protected areas in terms of section 21 of the Environment Conservation Act, 1989 (Act 73 of 1989). This classification corresponds closely to that of the IUCN (Kumleben et al. 1998; Table 11.2.2).
| CATEGORY | NAME | MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES |
|---|---|---|
| Category Ia | Scientific reserves | Scientific research and monitoring |
| Category Ib | Wilderness areas | Wilderness protection, subsistence and recreation |
| Category II | National parks and equivalent reserves | Ecosystem protection and recreation |
| Category III | Natural monuments and areas of cultural significance | Conservation of specific natural or cultural features |
| Category IV | Habitat and wildlife management areas | Conservation through management interventions |
| Category V | Protected land -/seascapes | Land and seascape conservation and recreation |
| Category VI | Managed Resource Protected Areas | Managed Resource Protected Areas |
|---|---|---|
| Areas recognized/designated under international instruments or agreements (i) World heritage sites (ii) Ramsar sites (iii) Biosphere reserves (iv) Transfrontier protected areas or peace parks |
||
The formally protected areas in the North West Province have been declared under one of the following Acts or Ordinances:
The North West Parks and Tourism Board Act No. 3 of 1997, was promulgated to achieve the following objectives:
Other legislation and relevant documents, which assist the conservation of formally protected areas, include:
Formally protected areas play a vital role is the conservation of biodiversity and also have additional spin-offs, such as to contribute to the general upliftment of communities and the regional economy. They also contribute to a greater awareness and appreciation of the natural environment, by the public at large.
The IUCN recommendation is that 10% of the country be set aside as protected areas. Clark (1991) argued that 10 % is not really practicable in most developing countries, and that it was probably too late for South Africa to achieve this, but what the country had was of exceptionally high quality. However, the change in South Africa's political arena since 1994, global economic trends, and the increase in international tourism has changed this perception somewhat. There are drives afoot on both national and provincial levels to increase the area of land under formal protection. The transfrontier parks of Kruger National Park and Kgalakgadi National Park, as well as the proposed extensions to Addo Elephant National Park bear testimony to this from a National level.
The NWPTB is also following suite, and according to have tabled proposals to increase the areas under formal protection in the following areas:
Thus, over the next ten years a very real possibility exists of incorporating another 284 700 ha (2,45%) into formally protected areas, and in so doing doubling the existing formally protected area in the Province to achieve 4,89%.
Each of the formally protected areas listed under Category II in Table 11.3 have established park management plans that guide the proper management and control of these areas. However, in some instances the management of some formally protected areas, for example the Magaliesberg Protected Natural Environment and the Taung Heritage Site are problematic as management plans do not exist and ownership and responsibility do not lie with a single authority. As stated in the White Paper on Conservation and Sustainable Use of South Africa's Biological Diversity (Government Notice 1095 of 1997) "divided responsibilities, together with a duplication of effort, a profusion of laws, and, most importantly, a lack of co-ordination, have been major factors hampering the effective conservation of biodiversity" (Kumleben et al. 1998).
The Magaliesberg Advisory Committee (MAC) is currently being re-established to oversee the management of the MPNE for both the North West and Gauteng Provinces. The MAC comprises landowners, NGO's and government representatives from both North West and Gauteng Provinces. A proposal has been tabled for a management plan for the Magaliesberg Protected Natural Environment in the form of MIST (Magaliesberg Initiative towards a Strategic Target). However, this remains to be adopted and implemented by government.
Protected areas underpin many of the other aspects discussed in this document. Thus, linkages can be drawn to most other chapters.
The Pilanesberg National Park has a GIS system for the Park, which is used for decision support purposes. Howver, a central GIS with all relevant data is essential for proper environmental management throughout the province.
Please refer to section 11.6 for an extensive list of biodiversity and conservation indicators derived from the National Indicators Initiative DEAT.
Formally protected areas play a vital role in biodiversity conservation and social and economic upliftment in the whole region. The percentage of area in the North West Province, which currently enjoys formal protection, is still well below the IUCN recommended 10%. Although there is a drive by the NWPTB to virtually double the area under formal protection within the next ten years, it must be stated that the motivation for this is mostly for economic reasons, and not necessarily for the conservation of biodiversity. An important exercise would be to calculate each vegetation type under protection and identify areas where more protection is required.
The Magaliesberg Protected Natural Environment is not been managed properly at present due to the fact that no integrated management plan is being implemented (Boshoff 2001), and also NWDACE has serious staff shortages. The sensibility of the present boundaries of the MPNE should be reconsidered (Boshoff 2001). The main contributing factor to the lack of proper management of the MPNE is that the Joint Management Advisory Committee (for both Gauteng and North West Province) is still in the process of being established. It is recommended that this matter be given the priority it deserves, as the Management Advisory Committee has not been in place for the past five years.
Clarity is also required over the management of the Taung Cultural Heritage Site. The mismanagement of this very important site is of grave concern. Responsibility of this very important site must be allocated to one single department or agency such as the South African Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA), who should be held accountable for the proper management, protection and conservation of our cultural heritage.
Informally protected areas such as conservancies, privately-owned game reserves, game ranches and farms and game camps are a rapidly growing form of conservation. In this respect, informal conservation areas play an important role in the trade of live game, hunting and eco-tourism industries.
The Free State Conservancy Manual (Hugo 1997) defines conservancies as the "voluntary co-operative nature and environmental management of an area by its community and its users and in respect of which registration has been granted by the relevant Provincial Authority". Thus, conservancies are normally cooperative in nature, entailing mutually agreed upon environmental management practices of a recognised area by its community or group of landowners. In the North West Province, conservancies are registered as such with North West DACE.
The conservancy concept can be applied to any environment, from a farming community to an urban and or an industrial area. It is to be stressed that conservancies are not only concerned with the conservation of a particular resource but with the protection of environment as a whole. The main idea is to get private landowners, land users or the community involved in the management of their environment, in order to foster an awareness of their living environment. There is a degree of independence and flexibility about conservancies and the way they are managed and run, depending on the common goals. A constitution or mutual agreement amongst participating landowners and communities is essential. Some conservancies have a membership fee, others pay per farm or hectare - depending on the conservancy steering committee's established needs and management objectives.
There are several reasons for establishing conservancies and other forms of informally protected areas, the most common reasons are:
Specialised conservancies such as raptor conservancies (for birds of prey such as vultures and eagles) have an added advantage in that there is no capital investment in buying birds or fencing. Raptors are known to naturally return once their habitat and breeding grounds have been restored and poisoning ceases (Verdoorn, undated).
At present there are no official criteria for an area to be considered as a conservancy. However, the following criteria can be used as guidelines:
According to Hugo (1997), there are four types of conservancies:
Game ranches are managed areas for the extensive production of free-ranging game on large fenced or unfenced, private or communal land, usually for recreational hunting or for products of wildlife, tourism, the ale of live breeding stock and for other non-consumptive uses (Bothma & Teer 1993). Game farms, on the other hand, are managed areas for the intensive production of game in small, fenced enclosures on private or communal land for the production of marketable game products.
The major driving forces associated with informally protected areas are the following:
There are several pressures related to informally protected areas:
The concept of Conservancies originated in Natal in 1975 in the Balgowan area when the landowners in that area experienced problems with stock and game theft. One of the Natal Nature conservators then recommended that landowners appoint some veld rangers. Natal Parks Board trained these field rangers in a variety of programmes (e.g. law enforcement, court procedure, self defense etc.). Today, Natal has more than 200 registered conservancies. In the Free State Province, the concept of conservancies first took root at Aasvoelberg near Zastron in 1988. There are now more than 141 Conservancies in the Free State Province.
In North West Province, the conservancy concept was adopted by reserve managers and conservators in 1993. Until June 1998, conservancies were dealt with by park wardens on a part-time basis. Two conservancies were established during this period. On the first of June 1998 a full time conservancy officer was appointed by the then Department of Tourism, Environment and Conservation and to date ten conservancies have been registered, and a further two are in the process of being established (Table 11.3.1).
| Conservancy Name | Region |
|---|---|
| Babelala Conservancy | Bredell |
| Olifantskloofnek Conservancy | Rustenburg |
| Koster Escarpment Conservancy | Koster |
| Koster Informal settlement Conservancy | Koster |
| Koepel Conservancy | Vredefort - Potchefstroom |
| Molopo Eye Conservancy | Zeerust |
| Vaalkopdam Finfoot Conservancy | Rustenburg |
| Molopo Raptor Conservancy | Vostershoop - Vryburg |
| Buffelspoort Valley Conservancy | Brits/Rustenburg |
| Langerante Conservancy | Klerksdorp |
| Leeupan Conservancy | De Lareyville |
| Arrowrest Conservancy | Beestekraal |
| Potchstroom Dam Conservancy | Potchefstroom |
| Walkraal Conservancy | Potchefstroom |
| Groot Koppe | Potchefstroom |
| Mziki Conservancy | Beestekraal |
| Magaliesberg Conservancy | Rustenburg |
| Vultures Valley Conservancy | Rustenburg |
| Peglerae Conservancy | De Wildt |
| Schoondal Conservancy | Potchefstroom |
| Makwassierante Conservancy | Makwassie |
| Cupperfield Conservancy | Potchefstroom |
| Kleinklip Conservancy | Brits |
| Magaliesberg Foothills Conservancy | Broederstroom |
In addition to conservancies, there are a number of game farms or ranches in the Province. Of the total area of about 160 000ha of land committed to game farming, about 6% can be classified as true game farms. The remainder comprises game camps (fenced off portions of farms) that vary in size, hence the distinction between game camps and game farms, the latter indicating the total commitment of all land to game farming. On average, these camps constitute about 14% of the total farmland available. The western Bophirima region is known to have several privately-owned game farms and game camps, while in the Vryburg area most game enclosures are only a portion of the area of a particular farm.
The species being conserved on these farms are predominantly antelope such as kudu, duiker and steenbok. Other animals such as Cape buffalo, warthog, gemsbok, eland and red hartebees and blue wildebeest and even black rhinoceros also occur in the Province.
Informally protected areas have several impacts on the environment and biodiversity, most of which are positive (Bothma & Du Toit date unknown):
Depending on the goals and objectives of the conservancy, conservancies generally induce a change in management towards a more environmentally-orientated approach. An improvement in the quality of the environment may also result such as the rehabilitation and restoration of land. Such programmes include reversing the effects of soil erosion and the eradication of infestations of alien plant species such as black wattle (Acacia mearnsii). Game may be re-introduced in areas where no game or little game is currently present and the presence of indigenous animals may contribute to the restoration and maintenance of natural habitat conditions (Barnard and Newby 1999).
The tourism potential of such areas increases for the landowners and members of the conservancy. This may lead to the development of tourism related infrastructure such as guesthouses, huts, hiking trails, mountain bike trails, horse trials, etc.
Economically, conservancies benefit local areas by adding value to the properties, generating income through tourism related activities as well as creating jobs. The relationship between farmers and communities may benefit as a result of a shared vision and a common goal of living and creating a better environment for themselves.
Research projects may also be initiated in the conservancy area such biodiversity and archaeological studies. Excavations are being done in one of the conservancies to learn more about the former inhabitants of the area.
At present, there is no legislation which governs the establishment and activities of conservancies. Therfore, conservancies and other informally protected areas are not legally recognised as such and rely on existing environmental legislation such as NEMA. The development of a provincial policy and ordinance for conservancies is required.
The formation of associations concerned with game farming and professional hunting such as the Molopo Game Industry Management Association has been another positive response in formalising this sector.
Informal protection of biodiversity on tribal or communal lands in the Province is another management response that is currently weak, and requires strengthening.
Informally protected areas have given rise to a number of social, economic and environmental benefits. These include:
For other informally protected areas such as game farms and hunting lodges, the North West Parks and Tourism Board has conducted a survey of these resorts within the province. These are listed within a comprehensive tourism database. Contact details of resort activities are offered, number of beds are also included.
Informally protected areas play a significant role in environmental management and socio-economic upliftment of the people of the North West Province. Informally-protected areas are likely to become increasingly important in this respect in the future.
The conservancy concept is predicted to be a significant conservation strategy for the future, especially in the light of dwindling state funding for the purchase of land for conservation. This will encourage private landowners and all the users of the natural resources to become involved in their conservation and take responsibility for the sustainable use of such resources.
Conservancies form the ideal platform to create environmental awareness and contribute to environmental education and research.
A coherent provincial mission and vision statement for conservancies is needed.
A provincial policy regarding the establishment and management of conservancies needs to be developed.
Recognised legal status should be accorded to registered conservancies.
There is currently a staff shortage at North West DACE dealing with conservancies. This situation needs to be addressed for effective management of areas protected by conservancies.
Like most countries in the world, South Africa has a long history in trade in biological resources. Long before the first European hunters arrived on the doorstep of the sub-continent to trade in ivory, skins and other animal products, biodiversity-based trading was integral to the lives of the indigenous peoples, who largely lived in harmony with their environment. However, during the 18th and 19th centuries the early European hunters began to have a serious impact on the once abundant herds of game, even leading to the extinction of some mammal species such as the quagga and blue antelope.
Today, trade in biological resources ranges from live game and game products (such as biltong and hides) to indigenous medicinal plants (e.g. devil's claw Harpagophytum procumbens) and honey. The North West Province has some of the largest traders of wildlife in South Africa, who trade both nationally and internationally, bringing much-valued foreign exchange to the Province. Several exotic species such as parrots and ornamental fish imported from elsewhere in the world are important for the well-established pet trade in the Province.
However, the trade in biodiversity and certain biodiversity products can become a contentious issue. Poaching of elephant and rhinoceros, and illegal and unsustainable harvesting of wild animals and plants poses a severe threat to the long-term survival of target species. The North West Province has also proved to be a popular transit route for the international trafficking of biodiversity, particularly ivory and rhino horn. Typically these illegal stockpiles originate from Angola, Namibia and Botswana.
Population growth and aspirations for a higher quality of life are the major driving forces, as the commercial trade in biological resources is almost exclusively economically motivated. The lucrative international market for key species such as "the big five" coupled with the local demand for resources ranging from fuelwood to medicinal and horticultural plants are major driving force in the trade of biodiversity and biodiversity resources. The illegal trade in biological resources is considered to be even more lucrative.
However, for the poor such trade largely occurs on a subsistence level. The poor in the North-West Province continue to be highly dependent on locally available biological resources for food and nutrition, medicinal remedies, energy, fibre and for housing materials (Barnard & Newby 1999). However, trading in these resources to local and external markets may lead to over-exploitation of the very resources that underpin their survival. Hence the poor are the most vulnerable to the depletion of key species of local biodiversity.
Bio-prospecting of potential medicine yielding plants by large pharmaceutical companies in their quest for lucrative drug patents is another significant driving force. However, often indigenous people who have used these plants for long periods of time, have lost their indigenous patent rights and royalties which should accrue to them and do not benefit economically from such patents.
Pressures exerted on biological resources through trade arising from the economic driving forces include:
Although there are figures available for some of the commercial trade of biological resources, it is difficult to quantify on a provincial scale. This is largely due to the multi-faceted nature of the industry, being both commercial and subsistence based in nature. Key sectors in the trade in biological resources range from commercial game farmers and traders, pet and horticultural traders, medicinal plant harvesters and sellers to small-scale subsistence sellers of firewood. Some information does, however, exist through permitting in the North West Province.
The trade in indigenous wildlife is largely concerned with the buying and selling of key mammal species such as roan antelope and buffalo, which require conservation or CITES permits. Permits issued in the Province are shown in Table 11.4.1).
| Year | 95/96 | 96/97 | 98/99 | 99/2000 | 2000/01 | 2001/02 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conservation permits processed | 676 | 414 | 4012 | 5263 | 3988 | 3373 |
| CITES permit recommended | 101 | 58 | 152 | 271 | 214 | 268 |
The game farm industry has been demonstrating a steady growth with landowners moving away from crops and mono-culture farming to nature-based industries including eco-tourism, hunting, breeding of wildlife and related industries. An important statistical indicator is the number of registered game farms in terms of the provincial conservation ordinances of which there are currently 628 in the Province. Presently there are 14 roan antelope farmers, 23 sable farmers, 15 buffalo farmers, 19 white rhino farmers, one black rhino farmer, nine private predator camps/breeding stations (lion, leopard and cheetah) and two farmers breeding white lions.
Roan antelope is of concern to conservationists and game ranchers because of their small and dwindling numbers. Since game ranching became fashionable in recent years, there has been a major drive to re-establish these animals in areas where they formerly were known from. They have been imported from Malawi, Zambia, West and Central Africa and are bred in the North West Province (Table 11.4.2.). A similar situation exists for sable antelope, another endangered species (Table 11.4.3). Despite conservation actions of the past 30 years, roan antelope are still threatened (Boshoff 2001). Other rare and endangered game farming species occurring in the North West Province are listed in Table 11.4.4.
| Country of origin | Private | Parks |
|---|---|---|
| Namibia | 66 | 5 |
| Malawi | 65 | 0 |
| Zambia | 19 | 0 |
| West Africa | 38 | 0 |
| Country of origin | Private | Parks |
|---|---|---|
| Western Zimbabwe (Matetsi ) | 160 | 0 |
| Eastern Zimbabwe | 28 | 0 |
| Northern Zimbabwe (Karoi ) | 39 | 0 |
| South Africa / Zimbabwe | 483 | 180 |
| Malawi | 41 | 0 |
| Zambia | 44 | 0 |
| Species | Private | Parks |
|---|---|---|
| Buffalo | 203 | 390 |
| White Rhino | 137 | 337 |
| Black Rhino | 16 | 71 |
Professional hunting is growing steadily in the North West Province (Table 11.4.5). In 1998, R9,8 million was generated through trophy hunting, which increased to R16 million in 1999 (North West DACE 2001).
| 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Registered professional hunters | 74 | 135 | 104 | 135 | 206 | 261 |
| Registered hunting outfitters | 19 | 32 | 30 | 54 | 71 | 99 |
| Animals hunted for trophies | 918 | 744 | 1259 | 1701 | 2126 | 2696 |
In the North West Province, large portions of land are owned on a communal basis. Hunting of plains game is an important income for these communities. Although no official game census has been done, indirect counting methods indicate that large numbers of kudu and impala occur on communal land. The North West DACE regulates hunting on these lands by means of a hunting permitting system, allocating a certain quota to each communal authority on an annual basis.
The North West Province has a well-established pet and bird trade, with 78 pet shops currently registered in the Province. Some of the largest traders in Africa are based in the Province. However, due to climatic conditions and the wide fluctuations in temperatures, the Province is not conducive to extensive artificial breeding of most of the indigenous fish. The only successful breeders are those breeding exotic koi carp for the pet trade.
As the pet and bird trade relies on the import and re-export of a wide variety of indigenous and exotic species, the effective implementation of international treaties and conventions (such as CITES) is essential. Little information is available ion the import and export of pets and birds into and out of the Province, although 700 permits have been issued for the keeping of indigenous birds.
Very little is known about the extent of this in the North West Province. However, the extent and use of Devil's Claw Harpagophytum procumbens in the North West Province and Northern Cape is being investigated. This plant is a medicinal plant that has been used by local communities as an anti-inflammatory and pain-killer, for the treatment of allergies, arthritis, liver, kidney and bladder problems (Moolman 2000). It grows in the arid western region of the Province in the western Vryburg district as well as Botswana and Namibia in dry sand veld areas (Van Wyk et al. 1997). It is currently being harvested by local communities and sold for export to Germany for research and development for pharmaceutical applications.
One fairly large exporter of cycads is also operational in the Province. However, little is known about the extent or species being traded at present.
The major impact for wild populations being harvested is overexploitation of the target species. This may lead to population declines or animals or plants becoming rare, endangered or even extinct. Even where harvesting of wild populations is not as intensive, negative impacts on ecosystem functioning and species richness may occur. Nationally, there appears to be an increasing demand for wild harvested plants for the medicinal and traditional healing trade, often resulting in unsustainable harvesting methods and volumes (Van Wyk et al. 1997). This appears to be the case for wild populations of Harpagophytum procumbens, which is being harvested in the Vryburg area for an international market. Devil's Claw takes up to 12 years to mature to point where it is harvestable. Other impacts identified regarding the harvesting of wild populations of Harpagophytum procumbens (Moolman 2000):
The undermining of indigenous knowledge and indigenous rights is another negative impact resulting from the trade in indigenous biodiversity, particularly medicinal plant species. When indigenous communities are asked to sell their knowledge to corporations, they are being asked to sell their birthright to continue to practice their traditions in the future, and to provide for themselves through their knowledge and their resources (Shiva 1997). This may lead to the loss of intellectual property rights, copyrights, the plundering of natural resources, knowledge associated with nature for local people.
The impact of private horticultural collectors on wild populations of selected plants and animals in North West Province is not known. The exploitation of tree ferns in the Magaliesberg has been reported, but specific statistics are not available. Accessible populations of Aloe peglerae (CITES category II), a dwarf aloe that grows on the rocky slopes of the Magaliesberg, have been heavily and illicitly collected with several local populations being completely wiped out (Newton & Chan 1998).
The charcoal industry in the Marico magisterial district is also having environmental impacts. Some of the landowners have developed small-scale charcoal processing plants to derive additional income without taking into account the impact on the Marico Bushveld. It is not known which species are being targeted and no study was conducted to establish the sustainable level of harvesting or the cumulative environmental impacts of the industry in this area. Even the removal of dead wood for energy and building material in large volumes could have a negative impact on populations of insects, birds and mammals which depend on these for cover and nesting material (Barnard & Newby 1999).
Commercial game ranching, however, may have a positive restorative impact on degraded land through the reintroduction of naturally occurring species, which in turn play a role in restoring the ecological processes in the area. Plant communities respond in the long-term by becoming more herbaceous in community structure than when under commercial cattle farming (Parsons et al. 1997).
Game farming is posing a threat to the ecology and genetic integrity of the species being farmed. Intensified breeding programs remove the animals and plants from their status in the wild in order to increase production and survival of the young. The management of natural resources is placing new responsibilities on government as an institution to determine the difference between free roaming wildlife and captive bred wildlife, and to regulate the industry accordingly.
Another impact is the domestication and artificial cultivation of wild species of plants, which has a positive as well as a negative impact. While this may play a role in protecting the wild populations, selective breeding techniques are applied or genetic modification of species may occur. This could ultimately lead to genetically selected breeding regimes or genetically modified organisms evolving through such programmes and possible "genetic pollution" of wild populations if interbreeding should occur.
An example of this is the import of roan and sable in South Africa from other parts of Africa, which is a lucrative business. It has been reported that these are different sub-species to the endemic populations in South Africa that pose a threat to the genetic integrity of the South African populations. Already a substantial number of the different sub-species have been cross-bred in South Africa and thus lost their unique genetic identity. Such cross-breeding of sub-species is considered to be a serious threat to the conservation status of the animals, causing problems for the future identification and existence of these already vulnerable species (Boshoff 2001).
Trade in non-indigenous species to the North West Province, has led to the unintentional introduction of several alien species of plants which may be potentially invasive. This has led to black-listed species and spoors of aggressive plant invaders being introduced in terrestrial waters in the Province (such as water hyacinth). Applications were also received to import black listed Crustacea, which were refused by North West DACE.
The illegal importation of non-indigenous species has grave potential impacts for indigenous species. NWDACE has discovered that some of the consignments of fish were illegally imported into the Province. A court case is pending of the spread of reproductively active "non-triploid" grass carp.
Also, the importation of non-indigenous or translocated species may result in the introduction of disease causing organisms, which may infect local populations such as bovine tuberulosis and foot-and -mouth disease.
Another impact is the controversial aspects of trade in biological resources may also lead to disputes between government, NGO's and the commercial traders.
The impact of globalisation on biodiversity and indigenous people is another important factor. The emerging trend in southern Africa including the North West Province, is that global trade and technology inherently works against justice and ecological sustainability in areas where tribal communities have little control or influence in how their biological diversity is exploited. Local communities are often insufficiently remunerated and face the threat of having to buy the products from those who now own the rights to them at much higher prices.
The impact of illicit trafficking and poaching on biodiversity and biodiversity as well as on communities in the North West Province is not known at present. Figures and statistics on the main species being targeted and the extent of this problem are currently unavailable. However, it has been reported that the hunting and poaching of free roaming game on tribal or communal areas remains a problem in the Province.
Trade in biological resources also positively impacts on the economy through the creation of jobs and income for local communities. International trade in game and other wildlife can bring in valuable foreign exchange to the North West Province.
Several conventions relating to the trade in biological resources have been signed by South Africa, amongst others the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CITES.
The international trade in species included in Appendices I, II and III is allowed in accordance with the provisions of CITES. The export and import of these species require the prior grant and presentation of a CITES permit. The permit shall only be granted when certain conditions have been met, such as:
At the biennial meeting of the member states, the Conference of the Parties (COP), the status of the Convention is reviewed and changes to the Appendices of protected species are discussed. Species may then be listed on the Appendices, moved from one Appendix to another or removed from the Appendices (www.cites.org.za).
The implementation of CITES is both a national and provincial function, as the issuing of permits for the trade, import and export of listed species under this convention occurs at the provincial level. Although the national DEAT is responsible for the interpretation and policy pertaining to CITES, the provinces are responsible to effectively implement all the resolutions made by the conference of the parties. Although North West Province is not issuing CITES permits it is responsible for the investigations, processing and implementation of permits. Currently the Gauteng Province is still issuing the permits on behalf of the DEAT because the former Transvaal Province had the delegated power from CITES.
National policy and legislation that impacts on the trade in biological resources include:
Several provincial ordinances and acts apply to the trade in biological resources. These include:
These outdated ordinances require revision and consolidation into one comprehensive biodiversity management ordinance for the Province, consistent with national legislation and international trends.
The combating of international smuggling of species is performed by the Department of Customs and Excise and the directorates of Plant and Quality Control and Veterinary Services the National Department of Agriculture (Barnard & Newby 1999) at the various borders of the North West Province with Botswana.
For monitoring and prevention of international trafficking of wildlife and biodiversity products the SAPS has and agreement with INTERPOL for the international co-operation with other law enforcement agencies in participating countries.
The establishment of SAPS's Endangered Species Protection Unit for the policing of poaching and trafficking of illicit products such as rhino horn and elephant tusks and other high value biodiversity products.
Provincially, North West DACE is largely responsible for the regulation of trade in biological resources (Table 11.4.6).
| Game Farmers | 1.Permitting of hunting activities. 2. Establishment of a provincial quota for free roaming game and birds. 3. Permitting of import, export, transport, capture and keeping of wild animals. 4. Exemption permit inspections and renewals. 5. Technical support in terms of game farm development, professional hunting and SA hunting. 6. Attendance of capture, transport and auctions. |
|---|---|
| Game traders | 1. Auditing the legal acquirement of all animals entering the trade. 2. Permitting the acquirement, transport, keeping, import, export, trade and release of all wild animals. 3. Attending capture, transport, import, export, sale and release activities in order to audit compliance to permit conditions. 4. Coordination and cooperation with other interest groups, effected parties, NGO's and departments. |
| Professional hunters | 1. Licensing of the hunting activity on both open land and in some instances in exempted land. 2. Registering of hunters and outfitters. 3. Auditing of professional hunting schools. 4. Auditing of hunts, registers, management of trophy hunts, service to clients. 5, Investigation of illegal operations. 6. Investigation of illegal agents. |
| Hunting on tribal and communal lands | 1. Investigation of illegal hunting and harvesting of plants. 2. Establishment of quotas and development of licensing system. 3. Auditing of compliance to quotas. 4. Support of development programmes within the wildlife industry. |
| Butcheries and abattoir facilities | 1. Auditing the legal acquirement of all venison. 2. Permitting the sale of venison in terms of the Nature Conservation Ordinance. |
| Keeping and exhibition of wild animals | |
| Performing animals, circuses | 1. Permitting the import, keeping and export of all animals. 2. Auditing performances to audit medical and welfare status of the wild and exotic animals involved. |
| Pet shop owners | 1. Auditing the legal acquirement of all animals. 2. Permitting the acquirement, transport, keeping, import, export, trade and release of all wild animals. 3. Attending capture, transport, import, export, sale and release activities in order to audit compliance to permit conditions. 4. Auditing the interaction between the visitors and animals. 5. Inspections on premises to audit the compliance to all the relevant laws and permit conditions legislation. (e.g. import, export, keeping). 6. Inspections in terms of the current legislation. |
| Aquaria | 1. Permitting import, export and sale of live fish. 2. Inspection of containers, consignments and facilities. 3. Auditing compliance to permits, blacklists and prohibited species in terms of the Agricultural pests act. |
| Parrot breeders | 1. Permitting import and export of exotic species. 2. Permitting import, export, keeping of indigenous species. 3. Attending auctions to audit the permitting , welfare, medical status and sale of birds. |
| Laboratory animals | 1. Permitting of the import, keeping and disposal of animals. 2. Regular inspections done on the activity and the facility. 3. Evaluation of protocols in cooperation with the universities. |
| Rehabilitation centres and sanctuaries | 1. Auditing the legal acquirement of all animals. 2. Permitting the acquirement, transport, keeping, import, export, trade and release of al wild animals. 3. Attending capture, transport, import, export, sale and release activities in order to audit compliance to permit conditions. 4. Auditing the interaction between the visitors and animals. 5. Inspections on premises to audit the compliance to all the relevant laws and permit conditions legislation (e.g. import, export, keeping). |
|---|---|
| Trade in indigenous plants | |
| Permit holders of cycads | 1. Permitting the import, export, transport and keeping of Cycads. 2. Auditing of the above. 3. Micro-chipping of specially protected plants. 4. Creation of a database of the above. |
| Nurseries and horticulturists | 1. Permitting the import, export, transport and keeping of protected and specially protected plants. 2. Auditing of the above. 3. Micro-chipping of specially protected plants. 4. Creation of a database of the above. 5. Auditing of the sale of all of the above. |
| Muti traders , Traditional healers and harvesting of indigenous plants for the market place. | 1. Permitting of the harvesting of protected and specially protected plants to ensure sustainable use. 2. Auditing of harvesting activities. |
| Fisheries | |
| Sport anglers | 1. Licensing of fishing activities in open water. 2. Auditing of species, size of fish caught. 3. Licensing and auditing of competitions. 4. Auditing of related activity like littering, placing objects in the water, habitat destruction. |
| Commercial fisheries on state dams | 1. Establishment of quotas. 2. Permitting. 3. Inspections to establish compliance to permits. |
Hunting on communal lands is an industry still wide open for development as part of the bigger conservation related industry in the Province and in South Africa. The Province is in the process of developing a project to train and capacitate hunters and outfitters in the previously disadvantaged communities.
Presently, a pilot study is underway to establish the conservation status of Harpagophytum procumbens in the Vryburg, Heuningvlei and Mothibistad districts to assess the viability and sustainability of commercial harvesting of this species for communities (Moolman 2000).
Environmental education and awareness programmes on the various aspects of trade in biological resources are essential. Creating a culture of conservation of local natural resources and living sustainably through sustainable utilization of natural resources and taking custodianship of the environment. Such is the case for the communities harvesting wild populations of Harpagophytum procumbens who were trained in the correct harvesting techniques and sustainable utilization of the resource.
The promotion of artificial culture of important species instead of relying on unsustainable harvesting of wild growing populations eg devils's claw Harpagophytum procumbens is another management response under consideration.
The protection of rights of local communities regarding patents for medicinal and other useful plants from expoitation from multi-national companies is another important response. This has been achieved through the establishment of formalised structures at national and provincial levels of traditional medicinal practitioners and indigenous knowledge systems (O.Ntsoane, North West Dept. Social Services, Arts, Culture and Sport, pers. comm. 2002).
A number of wild species endemic to the North West Province have become rare or endangered through harvesting and trade, both legal and illegal, e.g. Aloe peglerae. Devil's Claw Harpagophytum procumbens has been declared a special protected plant since 1998 and has been proposed for listing in CITES Appendix II (Moolman 2000). However, the responses listed above, if implemented effectively may go a long way to preventing a significant loss of important species rare or endemic to the North West Province.
In terms of the effectiveness of CITES and other trade agreements governing the trade of biological resources in the North West Province, the following apply:
The application of the White Paper on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of South Africa's Biological Diversity (1997) has been effective in the following ways in the North West Province:
However, as both of the above are relatively new tools for the management of trade in biodiversity, it is envisaged that they will take some time to become fully effective, as stakeholders in the industry realize the value of these.
Provincial ordinances are effective to some extent in controlling trade in biological resources through the regulation of activities in terms of the relevant Acts.
The permit system encourages the interaction with owners and beneficiaries by way of a permitting system and creates mutual cooperation and opportunities for education and training.
Although the above legal instruments and conventions are powerful tools for the management of trade in biological resources, it has been shown that legislation and law enforcement alone has not brought about the desired sustainable utilisation of the Province's biodiversity.
The demand for many wild growing plants for traditional and medicinal use remains high. Further research on the extent and impact of this in the North West Province is required, particularly for Harpagophytum procumbens. The hunting and poaching of free roaming game on tribal or communal areas remains a problem in the North West Province.
In the long-term, the involvement of communities in the management of their biological resources, thereby empowering them to take responsibility for them will be the optimum management approach. However, this will take time and environmental education and capacity building is needed to achieve this. The establishment of environmental education centres, employment opportunities created in rural areas etc as other positive outcomes of conserving biological resources.
This section has linkages with a number of other sections in the report:
See section 11.6. for more information on environmental indicators relevant to biodiversity and conservation management.
There are comprehensive laws, treaties and conventions governing the trade of biological resources. These need to be strictly adhered to by all role players to ensure sustainable utilization of biodiversity, ecological protection, preservation and general protection of local knowledge.
Ordinances that are used on a provincial scale require consolidation and development to reflect international and national trends in biodiversity management. North West Province still uses the Transvaal and Bophutatswana Ordinances for provincial management and conservation of biodiversity.
The trading and importation of alien species into the North West Province should be strictly controlled, due to the potential of introduced species to wreak havoc on natural ecosystems if accidentally released.
Monitoring of sustainable utilisation of the province's biodiversity is imperative. The development and identification of key environmental indicators to achieve this on a spatially and temporal scale is urgently required. It is then that long-term data for can be collected for the monitoring of trends in the trade of biological resources.
A comprehensive database of biodiversity trade detailing the extent and economic value of this industry for the North West Province's economy is required. This will assist in the tracking of long-term trends in the status of North West Province's biodiversity.
Education and capacity building and awareness of the effects of trade of biodiversity and overexploitation of local natural resources is critical to ensure long-term sustainable utilization of biological resources.
The breeding of rare and endangered mammal species such as roan antelope and sable contributes substantially towards the economic growth of Province. North WestDACE supports this initiative and can assist in an advisory capacity in the capturing, relocation and intensive breeding of these species.
It is recommended that private landowners register their roan herds according to geographic provenance (i.e. Malawian, northern Tanzania) or "mixed" origin. The maintenance of the genetic "purity" of these herds should be encouraged, thus allowing for the possible future sale and relocation of these extralimital roan to their native countries. There would however be free trade (but subject to other existing legislation) of animals that comprise this assemblage within South Africa (i.e. farmers can sell to other farmers with no restriction other than to farms which have pure south-western roan).
The pet and bird trade is a thriving industry in the North West Province. However, this sector is experiencing a number of problems at present. These include:
Fragmentation of law and the division by provincial borders creates management problems;
Poor control at ports of import and export;
The relationship between the SAPS Endangered Species Protection Unit and North West DACE requires clarification with respect to the D'nyala interdepartmental agreement;
North West DACE capacity is inadequate to fulfil mandated functions effectively.
The medicinal plant Devil's Claw Harpagophytum procumbens is reportedly being overexploited and harvested unsustainably in the western region of the Province. Further research is required relating to the extent of this and the sustainable yield.
Harvesting, permitting legislation and trade control mechanisms need to be formulated and put in place. These should include monitoring and enforcement of permitting and harvesting quotas which need to be established for Harpagophytum procumbens to ensure sustainable utilization of wild populations of this plant.
Issues pertaining to bioprospecting and patent rights to biodiversity should be managed in a manner that is sensitive to the ownership by indigenous communities. This will assist in avoiding issues of "bio-piracy" developing.
A national policy for Indigenous Knowledge Systems is required to circumvent potential problems which may arise from signing international trade related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS) and WTO agreements. This would assist in the equitable governance of trade in biological resources with respect to indigenous property rights in the North West Province.
The North West Province has several large dams that are well stocked with several fish species, for example kurper (Oreochronis mossambicus), carp (Cyprinus carpio) and catfish (Clarias garipinus). Fishing in these dams is mostly recreational, although sport fishing does occur on several dams, with several active angling clubs are known from the North West Province. Some dams such as Disaneng and Molatedi Dams, still support commercial fisheries and subsistence fishing by local communities does take place at several of these dams.
Environmental aspects such as dam water levels, water quality, temperature, biological productivity and fish stocks are all important components affecting fishing and fishing related activities.
For many rural communities in the North West Province, food security remains a major issue. High levels of unemployment, poverty and limited natural resources are contributing factors in rural areas. To address this situation, government and development agencies have recently been placing greater emphasis on establishing alternatives to traditional methods of securing food and economic independence, of which fishing and the establishment of commercial fisheries is one.
Pressures exerted on fishing and fishery resources through the abovementioned driving forces include:
The main species being targeted for recreational angling are barbel, bass, carp, kurper, mudfish and yellowfish. Table 11.5.1 shows the major angling reservoirs in the North West Province and the targeted species. See Map 11 for location of major rivers and dams in the North West Province.
| Dam/River | Fish species being caught | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barbel | Bass | Carp | Kurper | Mudfish | Yellow fish | |
| Barberspan | X | |||||
| Bloemhofdam | X | |||||
| Boskop Dam | X | X | X | X | ||
| Buffelspoort | X | X | ||||
| Disaneng Dam | X | X | ||||
| Groot Marico Dam | X | |||||
| Klerksdorp Dam | X | |||||
| Klerksdorp Dam | X | X | ||||
| Klipdrift Dam | X | X | ||||
| Kromellenboog Dam | X | |||||
| Molatedi Dam | X | X | X | |||
| Potchefstroom Dam | X | X | X | |||
| Rieckert Dam | X | X | X | |||
| Rietspruit Dam | X | |||||
| Rockwall Dam | X | |||||
| Roodekoppies dam | X | X | X | |||
| Setumo Dam | X | X | ||||
| Vaalkopdam | X | X | ||||
| Zeerust Dam | X | X | ||||
| Vaal River | X | X | X | X | X | |
Little is known about the actual number of people involved in recreational and commercial fishing, total catches, amount of money invested in the industry and the ecological/environmental implications of fishing activities in the Province. For example, currently, fish harvesting is taking place at Setumo and Molatedi Dams without proper guidelines and management principles.
Harvesting of commercial fishery resources has been largely out of reach of rural communities, due to social, economic and political factors. However, with the new political dispensation in South Africa and the decentralisation of authority, local communities have been given far greater control over, and access to, resources within their areas. Some communities have already started initiatives to operate unregulated small-scale fisheries, such as at Setumo Dam (Rouhani 2001).
Recent research on the Setumo Dam indicated that there were approximately 150 fishermen operating on the dam, each catching approximately 10 fish a day. The total weight caught per day amounted to about 1 125kg (Rouhani 2001). A survey was done on Disaneng dam, and it was found that the dam has a thriving population of O. mossambicus (bream), which can be utilised as a food resource by the local community. The fish in both dams were in good condition, breeding successfully, and bream represented 81% of the fish caught in Disaneng Dam and 93% of fish caught in Setumo Dam (Rouhani 2001). The predicted fish yields were 58.8 tons per year for Disaneng Dam and 68.2 tons per year for Setumo Dam. The fish were tested for toxins and it was found that the fish in both dams were fit for human consumption. The high levels of dissolved oxygen and normal pH values also indicate that the biological systems in the two dams are functional and healthy (Rouhani 2001).
Ecosystems may be adversely affected with introductions of a top predator fish such as largemouth bass, which can cause major changes in the ecosystem composition over time.
In situations where alien fish species are introduced into waters containing indigenous fish species, the indigenous populations are adversely affected, sometimes resulting in local extinctions.
For example, the introduced bass population in the Vaal River system is endangering the indigenous yellow fish population. As yellow fish only become sexually mature after seven years, it has been reported that the bass are predating upon the juvenile yellow fish before they reach seven years before they have a chance to breed.
Changes in habitat and feeding patterns and the introduction of parasites by alien species may affect indigenous species adversly. Parasites may be accidentally introduced with released angling species (such as the carp louse), which may spread to the indigenous species. Species such as the common carp can cause increased turbidity of the water due to their bottom-feeding mode of churning the sediments.
Overexploitation of fish stocks may also have adverse effects ecological effects. When fish populations reach low numbers they may not be able to recover sufficiently, leading to a proliferation of the lower trophic levels in the food chain such as invertebrates, algae and other plants.
Overexploitation by using nets is possible if proper controls are not put in place. A quota system could prevent the overexploitation, but monitoroing will have to be undertaken to ensure enforcement. In Setumo dam, unregulated commercial fishing has reduced the population of adult bream, but fishing might be sustainable, as long as the mesh size of the gill nets is not reduced (Rouhani 2001).
The regular processing of large catches from commercial fisheries may impact on the immediate environment if not effectively controlled. The discarding of wastes such as fish guts can cause environmental and aesthetic problems (such as odours) if not disposed of in a suitable manner.
Other impacts of fishing and fisheries include:
Subsistence fishing provides communities with an additional protien source and may serve to provide additional input into local economies. Some commercial fishermen are donating their by-catch of unwanted or unmarketable species such as catfish and carp to the local communities. There have also been arrangements for these fishermen to contribute a proportion of the economic returns to a community trust to foster development of local communities.
The occurrence of different types of fishing such as sport and recreational angling and commercial fishing using gillnets on a single impoundment can lead to competition between the different sectors. This situation was reported at Molatedi Dam in 1999. Also fishing and fisheries may conflict with other water uses such as boating and bathing.
The economic aspects of commercial fishing include job creation, stimulating of local economies, capital investment in fishing equipment such as boats, nets, cold storage facilities and transportation. The promotion of fishing in the North West Province can also increase tourism revenue and attract further investment.
National policy and legislation that impacts on the trade in biological resources include:
Several provincial ordinances and acts apply to the trade in biological resources. These include:
These outdated ordinances require revision and consolidation into one comprehensive biodiversity management ordinance which covers aspects of fishing and fisheries management for the Province, consistent with national legislation and international trends.
Response from the population in the vicinity of the Disaneng and Setumo dams, were found to be overwhelmingly positive (Rouhani 2001). The fishermen realise that they depend on their fishing as an economic activity and for food security. They recognised the need to formalise their activity to ensure sustainability and to protect their resource from being exploited by people outside their community. Regulation of the activities is also necessary to ensure that over fishing and detrimental fishing practices do not cause the collapse of the industry.
In response to the evaluation of the market needs, a marketing strategy can be formulated for the fishing industry. This strategy can include selling the fish locally, as a source of food, or adopting a strategy of selling the fish in larger centers to inject much needed capital into the area surrounding the dams.
Effective management and promotion of the reservoirs in the province, by the local authorities, is necessary to promote recreational fishing, and reduce the negative impacts on the environment of these activities. Currently, no proper sustainable management guidelines exist for this Province's dams.
Aquaculture of important species to meet market demands as well as creating employment is another potential response to overexploitation of existing fish stocks. However, aquaculture on a commercial scale in the North West Province has not been successful, largely due to unconducive climatic conditions and great seasonal variations in minimum and maximum temperatures.
Fishing and fishery resources in the North West Province apprear not to have reached their full socio-economic potential to meet food security demands in rural areas and in terms of recreation.
Both recreational and subsistence fishing in the majority of impoundments in the North West Province are largely unregulated at present. This is largely due to the lack of a management plan for important impoundments, annual quotas and total allowable catches being available.
No provincial ordinances to regulate fishing and fishery activities exist at present in the North West Province. The formulation of uniform enforceable legislation is required to afford the fishery resources of the North West Province adequate protection and to ensure sustainable utilization of important fisheries.
Also NWDACE is currently experiencing human capacity limitations to regulate fishing and fisheries on the numerous impoundments in the Province effectively.
Research is needed to determine the fishing potential of other dams in the Province, to determine the viability of these dams for recreational fishing or small-scale commercial fishing. Such investigations should cover the current fishing activities (e.g. biological limitations, stocking levels, minimum size restrictions, closed seasons, bag limits, tag and release, economic implications) to ensure sustainable utilisation of the resource.
Infrastructure around many of the important dams still requires development to promote fishing and tourism at these dams.
This section is linked to:
A survey of Bophuthatswana's fishery resources was done in 1984 by Caulton and Peddie covering the biological aspects of seven impoundments. This comprehensive report delves into the physical aspects of each of the impoundments, fish species and biology, productivity and management and development of each of the dams.
There are few established commercial fisheries in the North West Province. Fishing is mostly for recreational and sport angling based.
Subsistence fishing by local communities does take place on some impoundments (e.g Disaneng and Setumo Dams), but this is not a major economic activity.
The key angling fish species are carp, barbel, bass, kurper, mudfish and yellow fish.
Little is known of the people involved in recreational fishing or the fishing potential of the province's impoundments.
The main impact of angling is potential overexploitation of fish stocks and disturbance of ecosystems through the introduction of alien fish such as carp and bass.
Recreational angling is not managed to its true potential in terms of benefit to the province.
The current legislative policy regarding inland fisheries is fragmented (arising from legislation of the former Bophuthatswana, the former Cape Provincial Administration and the former Transvaal Provincial Administration). The physical locality of any water body concerned determines the set of laws that must be applied.
A review and consolidation of this legislation for the formulation of a consistent provincial policy is urgently required. As no official national policy on inland fisheries exists, the onus is on individual provinces to develop their own policies.
Additionally, a database on the North West Province's fishery resources needs to be established.
The South African national Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism is currently in the process of selecting national environmental indicators for use in South Africa. A list of potential indicators of air quality and climate change is presented in Table 11.6.1 as proposed in the National Core Set of Environmental Indicators, DEAT 2001. It is recommended that the North West Province identify appropriate indicators from this national set which they can then use at a provincial level for reporting on biodiversity and conservation management.
| Issue | Indicator | Type | Level | Fre-quency | Scale | Link-ages |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Species and genetic diversity | Number of threatened or extinct species per taxonomic group | S | 1 | 5 yearly | National (per biome for plants) | CBD, CITES, Bonn Conven-tion |
| Changes in disturbance regimes which drive ecosystems: fire frequency (Also relates to the Issue of Habitat change or loss) | P | 3 | Annual | Biomes | CBD | |
| Trends in populations of selected species (Also relates to the Issues of Habitat change and over-harvesting) | S | 2 | Annual / 5 yearly | Local (Habitat) | CBD, CITES, Bonn Conven-tion | |
| Fresh-water Ecosystem Integrity | Aquatic habitat integrity | S | 2 | Annual | Water manage-ment areas | |
| Wetland alteration | I | 2/3 | 5 yearly | Quarter-nary catchment | Ramsar | |
| Aquatic biodiversity | S | 1 | Monthly & Annual | Water manage-ment areas | CBD | |
| Alien invasive organisms | P/S | 3 | 5 yearly | Water manage-ment areas | ||
| Riparian vegetation | S | 2 | 5 yearly | Water manage-ment areas | ||
| Habitat change or loss | Status, extent and effectiveness of protected areas | R/S | 2 | 5 yearly | Regional (Biomes or eco-regions) | CBD, World Heritage Conven-tion |
| Extent of natural area remaining per ecological region, habitat type and key ecosystem | S | 2 | 5 yearly | Regional (Biomes or eco-regions) | CBD | |
| Alien invasive organisms | Distribution and abundance of alien (non-indigenous) species invading natural ecosystems | P/S | 2 | 5 yearly | National (per eco-region) | CBD |
| Investment in control programmes for and research into alien species invading natural ecosystems | R | 2 | 5 yearly | Provincial | CBD | |
| Inte-grated Issues | Contribution of control programmes for alien species to job creation | R | 2 | Annual | National | CBD |
| Issue | Indicator | Type | Level | Fre-quency | Scale | Link-ages |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inte-grated Issues | Human use value of protected areas | R | 2 | Annual | Provincial | World Heritage Conven-tion |
Type refers to the D-P-S-I-R model categories (Driving Forces, Pressures, States, Impacts, Responses respectively).
Level 1: adequate data is currently available for the indicator and the indicator can be used without incurring additional data collection costs.
Level 2: the indicator is considered to be feasible, but data availability is limited.
Level 3: the indicator is not currently being used, and no data exists
Frequency refers to the proposed frequency of reporting on each indicator for meaningful results and trends to be obtained. However, data collection will necessarily be more frequent than the reporting frequency.
Scale refers to the geographical scale at which the indicator is applicable: national, provincial, local or catchment level.
Linkages refers to possible commonalities between the particular indicator and other indicators used for reporting obligations as required by international conventions ratified by South Africa.
Please refer to the section on environmental and sustainable development indicators for more information on these proposed indicators for future monitoring and reporting.
* = Marginal, to be confirmed for the Province.
(H) = large shrubs and trees of the Hartebeespoort area
Alsophila dregei (H) Common tree fern
Aloe littoralis Mopane aloe
Aloe marlothii (H) Flat-flowered aloe
Salix mucronata (H) Capewillow
Myrica serrata (H) Lance-leaf waxberry
Myrica pilulifera* Broad-leaved waxberry
Celtis africana (H) White stinkwood
Trema orientalis (H) Pigeon wood
Chaetacme aristata Thorny elm
Ficus ingens (H) Red-leaved rock fig
Ficus salicifolia (H) Wonderboom fig
Ficus thonningi (H) Common wild fig
Ficus abutilifolia (H) Large-leaved rock fig
Ficus glumosa* Mountain fig
Obetia tenax (H) Tree nettle
Pouzolzia mixta (H) Soap nettle
Faurea saligna (H) Beechwood
Protea caffra (H) Highveld protea
Protea gaguedi African protea
Protea roupelliae Silver protea
Protea welwitschii (H) Honey-scented protea
Osyris lanceolata (H) Cape sumach
Ximenia americana Small sourplum
Ximenia caffra (H) Large ourplum
Salsola aphylla Lyeganna
Boscia albitrunca Shepherd's tree
Boscia foetida Smelly shepherd's tree
Cadaba aphylla Leafless cadaba
Cadaba termitaria Pink cadaba
Maerua angolensis Bead-bean
Maerua cafra (H) Bush cherry
Pittosporum viridiflorum (H) Kasuur
Cliffortia linearifolia (H) Bush cliffortia
Leucosidea sericea Ouhout
Prunus africana Red stinkwood
Albizia anthelmintica * Worm-bark false-thorn
Albizia brevifolia * Mountain false-thorn
Albizia tanganyicensis * Paperbark albizia
Faidherbia albida * Ana tree
Acacia arenaria* Sand acacia
Acacia ataxacantha (H) Flame acacia
Acacia burkei Black monkey-thorn
Acacia caffra (H) Common hook-thorn
Acacia erioloba Camel thorn
Acacia erubescens Blue thorn
Acacia fleckii* Blade thorn
Acacia galpinii* Monkey thorn
Acacia gerrardi* Red thorn
Acacia grandicornuta Horned thorn
Acacia haematoxylon Grey camel thorn
Acacia hebeclada Candle-pod acacia
Acacia hereroensis Mountain thorn
Acacia karroo (H) Sweet thorn
Acacia luederitzii Bastard umbrella thorn
Acacia mellifera Black thorn
Acacia nebrownii * Water thorn
Acacia nigrescens Knob thorn
Acacia nilotica (H) Scented thorn
Acacia permixta Hairy acacia
Acacia robusta Splendid acacia
Acacia tortillis (H) Umbrella thorn
Dichrostachys cinerea (H) Sickle bush
Elephantorrhiza burkei (H) Sumach bean
Burkea africana (H) Wild syringa
Peltophorum africanum (H) Weeping wattle
Schotia brachypetala Weeping schotia
Bauhinia petersiana White bauhinia
Calpurnia aurea * Natal laburnum
Mundulea sericea (H) Cork bush
Erythrina lysistemon Common coral tree
Erythrina zeyheri Ploegbreker
Pterocarpus rotundifolius * Round-leaved kiaat
Zanthoxylum capense (H) Small knobwood
Calodendrum capense (H) Cape chestnut
Vepris reflexa * Bushveld white ironwood
Vepris lanceolata (undulata?) White ironwood
Kirkia wilmsii * Mountain syringa
Commiphora africana Hairy corkwood
Commiphora angolensis Sand commiphora
Commiphora marlothi * Paperbark commiphora
Commiphora mollis Velvet commiphora
Commiphora neglecta Sweet-root commiphora
Commiphora pyracanthoides Common commiphora
Commiphora schimperi Glossy-leaved commiphora
Nymania capensis* Chinese lantern
Securidaca longepedunculata Violet tree
Securinega virosa White-berrybush
Bridelia mollis Velvet sweetberry
Croton gratissimus (H) Lavender croton
Croton megalobotrys Fever berry
Croton pseudopulchellus Small lavender croton
Acalypha glabrata (H) Forest false nettle
Spirostachys africana (H) Tamboti
Euphorbia cooperi Lesser candelabra tree
Euphorbia ingens (H) Candelabra tree
Euphorbia tirucalli Ruber hedge euphorbia
Sclerocarya birrea (H) Marula
Lannea discolor (H) Live-long
Ozoroa paniculosa (H) Common resin tree
Rhus dentata Nana berry
Rhus lancea (H) Common karee
Rhus leptodictya (H) Mountain karee
Rhus pyroides (H) Common taaibos
Rhus tenuinervis Kalahari taaibos
Rhus undulata (=pallens) Kuni-bush
Rhus pendulina* White karee
Rhus zeyheri (H) vlue taaibos
Ilex mitis (H) Cape holly
Maytenus heterophylla (H) Common spike-thorn
Maytenus polyacantha Kraal spike-thorn
Maytenus senegalensis Confetti tree
Maytenus tenuispina (H)
Maytenus undata (H) Koko tree
Putterlickia pyracantha Bastard spike-thorn
Pterocelastrus echinatus (H) White cherrywood
Cassine aethiopica Kooboo-berry
Cassine burkeana (H) Transvaal kooboo-berry
Cassine transvaalensis* Transvaal saffron
Cassinopsis ilicifolia (H) Lemon thorn
Apodytes dimidiata (H) White pear
Pappea capensis (H) Doppruim
Dodonea angustifolia Sand olive
Erythrophysa transvaalensis Transvaal red balloon
Ziziphus mucronata (H) Buffalo thorn
Berchemia zeyheri (H) Red ivory
Rhamnus prinoides (H) Dogwood
Phylica paniculata (H) Common hard-leaf
Rhoicissus revoilii Bushveld grape
Rhoicissus tridentata Bitter grape
Grewia bicolor Bastard brandybush
Grewia flava (H) Wild raisin
Grewia flavescens Rough-leaved raisin
Grewia monticola (H) Silver raisin
Grewia occidentalis (H) Cross-berry
Grewia retinervis Kalahari sand raisin
Grewia villosa * Mallow raisin
Abutilon matopense Wild abutilon
Adansonia digitata Baobab
Dombeya rotundifolia (H) Wild pear
Ochna holstii Red ironwood
Ochna pulchra (H) Lekkerbreek
Ochna inermis Stunted plane
Ochna pretoriensis (H) Magalies plane
Kiggelaria africana (H) Wild peach
Scolopia mundii Red pear
Scolopia zeyheri (H) Thorn pear
Flacourtia indica Governor's plum
Dovyalis zeyheri Oval Kei-apple
Olinia emarginata (H) Transvaal hard pear
Combretum apiculatum (H) Red bushwillow
Combretum erythrophyllum (H) River bushwillow
Combretum hereroense Russet bushwillow
Combretum imberbe Leadwood
Combretum molle (H) Velvet bushwillow
Combretum zeyheri (H) Large-fruited bushwillow
Terminalia sericea Silver terminalia
Syzigium guineense Water pear
Cussonia paniculata (H) Mountain cabbage tree
Cussonia transvaalensis (H) Transvaal cabbage tree
Heteromorpha trifoliata (H) Parsley tree
Myrsine africana (H) Cape myrtle
Myrsine pillansii Large Cape myrtle
Rapanea melanophloeos * Cape beech
Englerophytum magalismontanum (H) Stamvrug
Mimusops zeyheri (H) Transvaal red milkwood
Euclea crispa (H) Blue guarri
Euclea linearis Lance-leaved guarri
Euclea natalensis Natal guarri
Euclea undulata Common guarri
Diospyros austro-africana Fire sticks
Diospyros lycioides (H) Blue bush
Diospyros whyteana (H) Bladder-nut
Chionanthus foveolatus Fine-leaved ironwood
Olea europaea (H) Wild olive
Olea capensis Bushveld ironwood
Strychnos cocculoides Corky-bark monkey orange
Strychnos madagascariensis Black monkey orange
Strychnos pungens (H) Spine-leaved monkey orange
Strychnos usambarensis Stipe-fruited monkey orange
Nuxia congesta (H) Wild elder
Nuxia glomerulata Rock elder
Buddleja saligna (H) False olive
Buddleja salviifolia (H) Sagewood
Acokanthera oppositifolia (H) Common poison-bush
Carissa bispinosa Num-num
Landolphia capensis (H) Wild apricot
Diplorhynchus condylocarpon * Horn-pod tree
Rauvolfia caffra (H) Quinine tree
Ehretia rigida (H) Puzzle bush
Vitex rehmannii Pipe-stem tree
Vitex zeyheri Silver pipe-stem tree
Clerodendrum glabrum White cat's whiskers
Tetradenia brevispicata (H) Ginger bush
Solanum giganteum (H) Red bitter-apple
Halleria lucida (H) Tree-fuchsia
Rhigozum brevispinosum Western rhigozum
Gardenia volkensii Transvaal gardenia
Rothmannia capensis (H) Common rothmannia
Tricalysia lanceolata (H) Common tricalysia
Vangueria infausta (H) Wild medlar
Tapiphyllum parvifolium (H) ountain medlar
Canthium gilfillanii (H) Velvet rock alder
Psydrax livida (H) Bushveld rock alder
Canthium mundianum Rock alder
Canthium suberosum (H) Corky-bark canthium
Pachystigma macrocalyx (H) Crowned medlar
Pavetta eylesii Broad-leaved bride's bush
Pavetta gardeniifolia (H) Common bride's bush
Pavetta zeyheri Small-leaved bride's bush
Brachylaena huillensis Lowveld silver oak
Brachylaena rotundata (H) Mountain silver oak
Tarchonanthus camphoratus Camphor bush
Lopholaena coriifolia (H) Salt bush
Appendix 2: Red Data Book plants and their distribution for the North West Province (Source: North West Parks and Tourism Board 2001).
1. Aloe peglerae Endemic to southern Africa floral region (SAF)
Rare in the province. Global status: Rare.
Middelwater 436 JQ 2527DB
Visserhoek 435 JQ 2527DB
Schietfontein 437 JQ 2527DB
Zilkaatsnek 439 JQ 2527DB
Hartbeestfontein 445 JQ 2527DB
Zandfontein 447 JQ 2527DB
De Uitvalgrond 449 JQ 2527DB
Peglerae 428 JQ 2527CD
Buffelshoek 468 JQ 2527DC
Elandskraal 469 JQ 2527DC
Groenkloof 464 JQ 2527DC
Buffelsfontein 465 JQ 2527DC
Rietfontein 348 JQ 2527BC
Kromrivier 347 JQ 2527CD
Rietvallei 314JQ 2527CA
Baviaanskrans 308 JQ 2527CA
Rietfontein 350 JQ 2527CD
Paardekraal 333 JQ 2527CD
Olifantspoort 328 JQ 2527CD
Donkerhoek 312 JQ 2527CA
Rietvly 271 JQ 2527CA
Magathashoek 270 JQ 2527CA
Boschfontein 330 JQ 2527CD
Olifantshoek 356 JQ 2527CD
2. Boscia foetida subsp. minima Endemic to SAF
Rare in the province. Global status: Rare.
Makapanstad 2528AA
3. Brachystelma discoideum Endemic to SAF
Rare in the province. Global status: Rare.
Zoutpan 104 JR 2528AC
4. Brachystelma gracillimum Endemic to SAF
Rare in the province. Global status: Rare.
Lekkerlach 8 KO 2425DD
5. Burmannia madagascariensis Insufficiently known.
Not endemic. Not threatened.
Baviaanskrans 308 JQ 2527CA
Rietfontein 348 JQ 2527CD
6. Ceropegia mafekingensis Endemic to SAF
Rare in the province. Global status: Rare.
Lekkerlach 8 KO 2425DD
Hammanskraal 112 JR 2528AD
7. Ceropegia stentiae Endemic to SAF
Rare in the province. Global status: Rare.
Roodepoort 206 HO 2725BB
Rare in the province. Global status: Rare.
Boschpoort 284 JQ 2527CB
Ledig 93 JQ 2527AC
Wydhoek 92 JQ 2527AC
Generaalskloof 2527AA
(Nr. Police station, Pilanesberg)
9. Euphorbia knobelii Endemic to SAF
Rare in the province. Global status: Rare.
Mezeg 77 JP 2526AC/AD
Bloemfontein 63 JP 2526AC
Leeuwfontein 61 JP 2526AC
Kleinfontein 62 JP 2526AC
10. Euphorbia perangusta Endemic to SAF
Endangered in the province.
Global status: Endangered.
Welgevonden 126 KP 2426CC
Koedoesrand 9 KP 2425DD
Logaga 124 KP 2425DD
Logaga 124 KP 2426CC
11. Frithia pulchra Endemic to SAF
Rare in the province. Global status: Rare.
Baviaanskrans 308 JQ 2527CA
Rietvallei 314 JQ 2527CA
Magathashoek 270 JQ 2527CA
Donkerhoek 312 JQ 2527CA
Rietvly 271 JQ 2527CA
Rietfontein 348 JQ 2527CD
Kromrivier 347 JQ 2527CD
Morgenzon 261 JQ 2527CA
Modderfontein 332 JQ 2527CD
Olifantshoek 356 JQ 2527CD
12. Myrsine pillansii Endemic to SAF
Rare in the province. Global status: Rare.
Rietfontein 348 JQ 2527CD
Rietvallei 314 JQ 2527CA
Grootfontein 346 JQ 2527CD
Kromrivier 347 JQ 2527CD
13. Nuxia glomerulata Endemic to SAF
Rare in the province. Global status: Rare.
Hazia 240 JP 2526CA
Doornkom 418 JP 2526DA
Wysfontein 427 JP 2526DB
Rietvallei 314 JQ 2527CA
Appendix 3: Invader plants of the North West Province (Source: North West Parks and Tourism Board 2001).
Scientific name Common name Origin Declared
Woody species
Acacia baileyana Bailey's wattle Australia
Acacia dealbata silver wattle Australia yes(i)
Acacia decurrens green wattle Australia
Acacia mearnsii black wattle Australia yes(i)
Acacia podalyriifolia pearl acacia Australia
Alhagi maurorum camelthorn bush Europe/Asia yes(w)
Araujia sericifera moth catcher S. Americav
Arundo donax Spanish reed Europe (Med.)
Atriplex nummularia salt bush Australia
Cestrum laevigatum inkberry S. America yes(w)
Cotoneaster franchetii cotoneaster Asia
Grevillea robusta silky oak Australia
Jacaranda mimosifolia jacaranda S. America proposed(i)
Lantana camara lantana C. & S. America yes(w)
Melia azedarach syringa Asia proposed(i)
Morus alba white mulberry Asia proposed(i)
Nerium oleander oleander Europe (Med.) proposed(i)
Nicotiana glauca wild tobacco S. America proposed(w)
Passiflora caerulea passion flower S. America
Populus alba white poplar Europe/Asia
Populus canescens grey poplar Europe/Asia
Prosopis glandulosa mesquite N. & C. America yes(i)
Prosopis velutina mesquite N. & C. America yes(i)
Psidium guajava guava trop. America proposed(i)
racantha angustifolia yellow firethorn Asia proposed(i)
Ricinus communis castor-oil plant tropical Africa
Robinia pseudoacacia black locust N. America
Rosa eglanteria sweetbriar Europe/Asia proposed(i)
Rubus spp. exotic brambles N. Amer./Eur. yes(w) proposed(i)
Salix babylonica weeping willow Asia
Schinus molle pepper tree S. America
Senna didymobotrya p-nutbutter cassia tropical Africa
Sesbania punicea red sesbania S. America yes(w)
Solanum mauritianum bugweed S. America yes(w)
Solanum sisymbriifolium bitter apple trop. America yes(w)
Tecoma stans yellow bells trop. America proposed (i)
The plants declared as weeds or invaders and their control are subject to The Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act (Act No. 43 of 1983).
Appendix 4: A systematic checklist of the reptiles and amphibians of the North West Province (Source: North West Parks and Tourism Board, 2001).
Class REPTILIA
Order SQUAMATA
Suborder SAURIA
Family GEKKONIDAE
Ptenopus g. garrulus
Homopholis wahlbergi
Hemidactylus mabouia
Lygodactylus c. capensis
Lygodactylus n. nigropunctatus
Pachydactylus c. capensis
Pachydactylus affinis
Pachydactylus bibronii
Chondrodactylus a. angulifer (to be confirmed - SW of Molopo Nature Reserve?)
Colopus w. wahlbergi
Family AGAMIDAE
Acanthocercus a. atricollis
Agama a. atra
Agama a. aculeata
Agama aculeata distanti
Family CHAMAELEONIDAE
Chamaeleo dilepis
Family SCINCIDAE
Mabuya capensis
Mabuya occidentalis
Mabuya sulcata
Mabuya spilogaster
Mabuya varia
Mabuya sp. nov.
Mabuya variegata punctulata
Mabuya punctatissima
Lygosoma s. sundevallii
Panaspis wahlbergii
Acontias percivali occidentalis
Acontias g. gracilicauda
Typhlosaurus l. lineatus
Family LACERTIDAE
Nucras intertexta
Nucras taeniolata holubi
Heliobolus lugubris
Pedioplanis l. lineo-ocellata
Pedioplanis namaquensis
Ichnotropis squamulosa
Ichnotropis c. capensis
Family VARANIDAE
Varanus albigularis
Varanus n. niloticus
Varanus n. niloticus
Family CORDYLIDAE
Gerrhosaurus flavigularis
Cordylus polyzonus
Cordylus tropidosternum jonesi
Cordylus v. vittifer
Suborder AMPHISBAENIA
Family AMPHISBAENIDAE
Monopeltis c. capensis
Monopeltis leonhardi
Dalophia pistillum
Zygaspis quadrifrons
Order SQUAMATA
Suborder SERPENTES
Family TYPHLOPIDAE
Typhlops bibronii
Typhlops lalandei
Family LEPTOTYPHLOPIDAE
Leptotyphlops c. conjunctus (Marginal - to be confirmed)
Leptotyphlops c. incognitus
Leptotyphlops s. scutifrons
Family BOIDAE
Python natalensis
Family COLUBRIDAE
Lycodonomorphus rufulus
Lamprophis aurora
Lamprophis fuliginosus
Lycophidion c. capense
Mehelya c. capensis
Pseudaspis cana
Psammophylax r. rhombeatus
Psammophylax tritaeniatus
Psammophis notostictus
Psammophis leightoni trinasalis
Psammophis s. subtaeniatus
Psammophis brevirostris
Psammophis angolensis
Aparallactus capensis
Xenocalamus b. bicolor
Atractaspis bibronii
Atractaspis d. duerdeni
Prosymna s. sundevallii
Prosymna bivittata
Dipsina multimaculata
Philothamnus hoplogaster
Philothamnus natalensis occidentalis
Philothamnus s. semivariegatus
Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia
Telescopus s. semiannulatus
Thelotornis c. capensis
Dispholidus t. typus
Dasypeltis scabra
Family ELAPIDAE
Elapsoidea semiannulata boulengeri
Elapsoidea sundevallii media
Hemachatus haemachatus
Aspidelaps s. scutatus
Naja annulifera
Naja nivea
Naja mossambica
Dendroaspis polylepis
Family VIPERIDAE
Causus rhombeatus
Bitis caudalis
Bitis a. arietans
OrderTESTUDINATA
Suborder CRYPTODIRA
Family TESTUDINIDAE
Geochelone pardalis
Psammobates oculifer
Homopus femoralis
Kinixys lobatsiana
SuborderPLEURODIRA
Family PELOMEDUSIDAE
Pelomedusa subrufa
List of frogs in the North West Province
(This list is by no means complete. However through the Frog Atlas Programme, which is nearing completion, we will have a much more accurate picture in the future.)
Class AMPHIBIA
Order ANURA
Suborder OPISTHOCOELA
Family PIPIDAE
Xenopus l. laevis Common Platanna
Suborder PROCOELA
Family BUFONIDAE
Bufo gariepensis Karoo Toad
Bufo gutturalis Guttural Toad
Bufo (poweri) garmani (Power's) Olive Toad
Bufo rangeri Raucous Toad
Bufo vertebralis Southern Pygmy Toad
Bufo f. fenoulheti Northern Pygmy Toad
Schismaderma carens Red Toad
Suborder DIPLASIOCOELA
Family MICROHYLIDAE
Breviceps a. adspersus Bushveld Rain Frog
Phrynomantis bifasciatus Banded Rubber Frog
Family RANIDAE
Pyxicephalus a. adspersus Giant Bullfrog
Tomopterna cryptotis Tremelo Sand Frog
Tomopterna natalensis Natal Sand Frog
Rana angolensis Common River Frog
Rana fuscigula Cape River Frog
Strongyopus f. fasciatus Striped Stream Frog
Hildebrandtia ornata Ornate Frog
Ptychadena anchietae Plain Grass Frog
Ptychadena mossambica Broad-banded Grass Frog
Ptychadena porosissima Striped Grass Frog
Phrynobatrachus natalensis Snoring Puddle Frog
Phrynobatrachus mababiensis Dwarf Puddle Frog
Cacosternum boettgeri Common Caco
Family RHACOPHORIDAE
Chiromantis xerampelina Foam Nest Frog
Family HYPEROLIIDAE
Kassina senegalensis Bubbling Kassina
Appendix 5: Red Data Book birds from the North West Province (Source: Brooke 1984).
| Scientific Name | Common Name | Status | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pelicanus onocrotalus | White Pelican | R (F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pelicanus rufescens | Pink-backed Pelican | R | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Butorides rufiventris | Rufous-bellied Heron | R (F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gorsachius leuconotus | White-backed Night Heron | I (F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ixobrychus minutus | Ixobrychus minutus | R (F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ixobrychus sturmii | Dwarf Bittern | I (F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Botaurus stellaris | Bittern | V (F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ciconia nigra | Black Stork | I | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Anastomus lamelligerus | Open-billed Stork | R | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis | Saddle-billed Stork | R (F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Leptoptilos crumeniferus | Marabou Stork | R | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mycteria ibis | Yellow-billed Stork | R | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Geronticus calvus | Bald Ibis | OD (F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Phoenicopterus ruber | Greater Flamingo | (F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gypaetus barbatus | Bearded Vulture | R (F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Neophron percnopterus | Egyptian Vulture | E (F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gyps coprotheres | Cape Vulture | V | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Torgos tracheliotus | Lappet-faced Vulture | V | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Gypohierax angolensis | Palmnut Vulture | R (F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Polemaetus bellicosus | Martial Eagle | V | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Terathopius ecaudatus | Bateleur | V (F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Falco peregrinus | Peregrine Falcon | R | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Grus carunculata | Wattled Crane | E (F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Porzana pusilla | Baillon's Crake | I | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sarothrura ayresi | White-winged Flufftail | R (F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Podica senegalensis | African Finfoot | I (F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ardeotis kori | Kori Bustard | V | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Neotis ludwigii | Ludwig's Bustard | V (F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Charadrius pallidus | Chestnut-banded Plover | R | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Glareola pratincola | Red-winged Pratincole | R | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pterocles gutturalis | Yellow-throated Sandgrouse | I (F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Tyto capensis | Grass Owl | I | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Apus bradfieldi | Bradfield's Swift | I | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mirafra chuana | Short-clawed Lark | I | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Anthus brachyurus | Short-tailed Pipit | R | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| OD = out of danger; R = rare; I = indeterminate; V = vulnerable; E = endangered. NOTE: 18 species, labeled (F) were formerly recorded in the Province but since 1970 have never been seen again. |
|---|
Appendix 6: Red Data Book mammals and their distribution in North West Province Parks (Source: North West Parks and Tourism Board, 2001).
1 Lycaon pictus Wild dog
Molopo Nature Reserve
Madikwe Game Reserve
Pilanesberg National Park
1. Mystromys albicaudatus White-tailed mouse
Boskop Dam Nature Reserve
2. Mellivora capensis Honey badger
Molopo Nature Reserve
Pilanesberg National Park
Madikwe Game Reserve
Borokalalo National Park
3. Felis silvestris lybica African wildcat
Molopo Nature Reserve
Pilanesberg National Park
Madikwe Game Reserve
Borokalalo National Park
4. Manis temminckii Pangolin
Molopo Nature Reserve
Pilanesberg National Park
Madikwe Game Reserve
Botsalano Game Reserve
5. Orycteropus afer Aardvark
Molopo Nature Reserve
Pilanesberg National Park
Madikwe Game Reserve
Borokalalo National Park
Botsalano Game Reserve
Mafikeng Game Reserve
Barbers Pan Nature Reserve
Bloemhof Dam Nature Reserve
Boskop Dam Nature Reserve
SA Lombard Nature Reserve
Vaalkop Dam Nature Reserve
Wolwespruit Nature Reserve
6. Diceros bicornis Black rhinoceros
Pilanesberg National Park
Madikwe Game Reserve
7. Ourebia ourebi Oribi
Rustenburg Nature Reserve
8. Hippotragus niger Sable
Pilanesberg National Park
Madikwe Game Reserve
Borokalalo National Park
Rustenburg Nature Reserve
1. Atelerix frontalis South African hedgehog
Pilanesberg National Park
Botsalano Game Reserve
Barbers Pan Nature Reserve
Bloemhof Dam Nature Reserve
Rustenburg Nature Reserve
S.A. Lombard Nature Reserve
Wolwespruit Nature Reserve
2. Zelotomys woosnami Woosnam's desert rat
Molopo Nature Reserve
3. Poecilogale albinucha Striped weasel
Borokalalo National Park
4. Civettictis civetta Civet
Pilanesberg National Park
Madikwe Game Reserve
Borokalalo National Park
5. Proteles cristatus Aardwolf
Molopo Nature Reserve
Pilanesberg National Park
Madikwe Game Reserve
Borokalalo National Park
Botsalano Game Reserve
Mafikeng Game Reserve
Bloemhof Dam Nature Reserve
Rustenburg Nature Reserve
SA Lombard Nature Reserve
6. Parahyaena brunnea Brown hyaena
Molopo Nature Reserve
Pilanesberg National Park
Madikwe Game Reserve
Borokalalo National Park
Botsalano Game Reserve
Mafikeng Game Reserve
Bloemhof Dam Nature Reserve
Rustenburg Nature Reserve
7. Leptailurus serval Serval
Pilanesberg National Park
Madikwe Game Reserve
Borokalalo National Park
8. Felis nigripes Small spotted cat
Molopo Nature Reserve
Pilanesberg National Park
Wolwespruit Nature Reserve
9. Panthera pardus Leopard
Pilanesberg National Park
Madikwe Game Reserve
Borokalalo National Park
Rustenburg Nature Reserve
10. Hippopotamus amphibius Hippopotamus
Pilanesberg National Park
Madikwe Game Reserve
Borokalalo National Park
1. Suncus lixus Greater dwarf shrew
Vaalkop Dam Nature Reserve
2. Suncus infinitesimus Lesser dwarf shrew
Rustenburg Nature Reserve
Appendix 7: Fish species recorded from dolomitic ecosystems of the North West Province (Source: Skelton et al. 1994).
| FAMILY & SPECIES | COMMONNAME | KLERKSKRAAL | MALMANE OOG | MARICOOOG | MOLOPOOOG | SCHOON-SPRUIT | WONDERGAT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cyprinidae | |||||||
| Barbus cf. brevipinnis | Shortfin Barb | X | X | ||||
| Barbus motebensis | Marico Barb | X | |||||
| Barbus paludinosus | Straightfin Barb | X | X | X | |||
| Barbus trimaculatus | Threespot Barb | X | |||||
| Barbus pallidus | Golden Barb | X | X | ||||
| Cyprinus carpio* | Carp | X | |||||
| Labeo spp. | Mudfish | X | |||||
| Cichlidae | |||||||
| Pseudo-crenilabrus philander | Southern Mouthbrooder | X | X | X | X | X | |
| Tilapia sparrmanii | Banded Tilapia | X | X | X | X | X | X |
| Amphiliidae | |||||||
| Amphilius uranoscopus | Common Mountain Catfish | X | |||||
| Mochokidae | |||||||
| Chiloglanis pretoriae | Shortspine Suckermouth | X | |||||
| Clariidae | |||||||
| Clarius gariepinus | Sharptooth Catfish | X | X | X | X | ||
| Centrarchidae | |||||||
| Micropterus salmoides* | Largemouth Bass | X | X | X |
* Alien or introduced species
Appendix 8: List of mayflies, dragonflies and caddisflies from dolomitic ecosystems of the North West Province (Source: De Moor & Barber-James 1994).
| SPECIES | SCHOON- SPRUIT |
MALMANI OOG |
MALMANE OOG | MARICO OOG |
WONDER- GAT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EPHEMEROPTERA | |||||
| Baetidae | |||||
| Afroptilum sudafricanum | X | X | |||
| Afroptilum excisum | X | ||||
| Afroptilum ?sudanense | X | ||||
| Afroptilum sp.1 | X | ||||
| Afroptilum sp.2 | X | X | |||
| Baetis harrisoni | X | X | |||
| Baetis sp.1 | X | ||||
| Baetis sp.2 | X | ||||
| Cloeon africanum | X | X | |||
| Cloeon aeneum | X | X | X | X | |
| Demoulinia crassi | X | ||||
| Caenidae | |||||
| Afrocaenis sp. | X | X | |||
| Caenis sp. near antelucana | X | X | |||
| Caenis sp. nov.1 | X | X | |||
| Caenis sp. nov.2 | X | X | |||
| Caenis sp. nov.3 | X | ||||
| Caenis sp. nov.4 | X | ||||
| Caenis sp. indet. | X | X | X | X | |
| Leptophlebiidae | |||||
| Euthraulus elegans | X | X | |||
| Euthraulus sp. | X | ||||
| Tricorythidae | |||||
| Tricorythus reticulatus | X | ||||
| Total Ephemeroptera | 8 | 16 | 7 | 14 | 1 |
| ODONATA | |||||
| Protoneuridae | |||||
| Elattoneura glauca | X | ||||
| Chlorocyphidae | |||||
| Platycypha caligata | X | X |
| SPECIES | SCHOON- SPRUIT |
MALMANI OOG |
MALMANE OOG | MARICO OOG |
WONDER- GAT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coenagrionidae | |||||
| Agriocnemis sp. nov. | X | X | |||
| Ceriagrion glabrum | X | X | X | ||
| Ishnura senegalensis | X | X | |||
| Pseudagrion kersteni | X | ||||
| Pseudagrion massaicum | X | ||||
| Libellulidae | |||||
| Acisoma panorpoides | X | X | |||
| Crocthemis erythraea | X | X | X | ||
| Diplacodes lefebvrei | X | ||||
| Orthetrum brachiale | X | ||||
| Orthetrum caffrum | X | ||||
| Trithemis kirbyi ardens | X | ||||
| Trithemis areteriosa | X | X | |||
| Trithemis furva | X | ||||
| Aeshnidae | |||||
| Anax imperator | X | X | |||
| Aeshna sp. | X | ||||
| Total Odonata | 6 | 9 | 10 | 2 | |
| TRICHOPTERA | |||||
| Ecnomidae | |||||
| Ecnomus oppidanus | X | X | X | ||
| Ecnomus ?barnardi | X | X | |||
| Ecnomus sp. nov. | X | ||||
| Hydropsychidae | |||||
| Cheumatopsyche afra | X | X | |||
| Cheumatopsyche falcifera | X | ||||
| Cheumatopsyche trifida | X | ||||
| Cheumatopsyche sp. nov. | X | ||||
| Cheumatopsyche sp. 1. | X | ||||
| Hydropsyche longifurca | X | ||||
| Hydroptila cruciata | X | X | X | X | |
| Hydroptila sp. nov. | X | ||||
| Oxyethira ?velocipes | X | X | X | ||
| Oxyethira sp. nov. | X | ||||
| Orthotrichia sp. | X | ||||
| Genus sp. indet. | X | ||||
| Leptoceridae | |||||
| Adicella sp. | X | X | |||
| Athripsodes harrisoni | X | X | X |
| SPECIES | SCHOON- SPRUIT |
MALMANI OOG |
MALMANE OOG | MARICO OOG |
WONDER- GAT |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Athripsodes sp. schoenobates gp. | X | ||||
| Leptocerina sp. nov. | X | ||||
| Leptocerus inflatus | X | X | X | ||
| Oecetis lucipetens | X | ||||
| Oecetis tjonnelandi | X | ||||
| Oecetis sp.1 | X | X | X | ||
| Oecetis sp.2 | X | ||||
| Oecetis sp. nov.1 | X | ||||
| Oecetis sp. nov.2 | X | ||||
| Parasetodes maguirus | X | X | X | ||
| Setodes sp. nov. | X | ||||
| Triaenodes bifidus | X | ||||
| Triaenodes triaenodiformis | X | X | X | ||
| Philopotamidae | |||||
| Chimarra kenyana | X | ||||
| Chimarra sp. nov. 1 | X | ||||
| Chimarra sp. nov. 2 | X | ||||
| Chimarra sp. nov. 3 | X | ||||
| Polycentropodidae | |||||
| Paranyctiophylax armigera | X | ||||
| Total Trichoptera | 9 | 21 | 11 | 14 | |
| Total for all three groups | 23 | 46 | 28 | 30 | 1 |
Appendix 9: Checklist of Red Data Book fauna in the North West Province (Source: Nel et al. 1995).
Lycaon pictus Wild Dog
Small packs occasionally come across into the northwestern part of the province but these are soon exterminated (Stuart 1981). Stable populations occur only in the Kruger National Park and recently a group was reintroduced into Madikwe Nature reserve.
Vulnerable
Mystromys albicaudatus White-tailed Mouse
This species is fairly widespread in the eastern and southern part of the province. Although widespread it is by no means common and its greatest threat is habitat modification due to agriculture. It has been recorded from a number of reserves including Barberspan, S.A. Lombard and Boskop Dam.
Mellivora c. capensis Honey Badger
A widespread secretive species but nowhere common throughout its range. It is often killed through the indiscriminate use of getters and poisons such as strychnine. It occurs and is protected on nature reserves such as Pilanesberg, Molopo and Madikwe, Rustenburg Nature Reserve and possibly occurs on Borakalalo National Park.
Felis lybica African Wild Cat
Widely distributed throughout the North West Province and South Africa. The reason for the inclusion in this category is that they freely hybridize with domestic cats and it has now become very difficult, if not impossible to find pure strains of Felis lybica wherever Felis domesticus occurs. The presence of domestic cats in and around protected natural areas should be very carefully monitored and controlled.
Manis temminckii Pangolin
Occurs throughout large areas of the province but nowhere is it common. The scales are in much demand by witchdoctors. Habitat modification and their sensitivity to poisons are reasons for their decline.
Orycteropus a. afer Aardvark
Occurs virtually throughout the whole of South Africa. Its greatest threat is habitat modification while they are often killed by farmers because of the potential threat to vehicles and livestock posed by their large burrow entrances and often killed for their palatable flesh and muti properties.
Diceros bicornis Black Rhinoceros
Formerly widespread throughout most of South Africa, this species now only survives in island reserves and protected natural areas. Poaching is a very real threat and because of their size and habits they can only be accommodated on large natural areas such as Pilanesberg.
Hippotragus n. niger Sable Antelope
Occurs only on reserves such as Pilanesberg and Rustenberg and a few private nature reserves in the province. Their numbers have declined chiefly because of over exploitation in the past and because of habitat modification and subdivision of land coupled with the erection of fences in the recent past.
The following list of animals are all classified as rare for various reasons but the chief threat communal to them all is habitat modification. Animals such as the leopard and the hippopotamus are hunted because of their potentialthreat to humans and livestock and to a lesser degree this is also the case, combined with ignorance, for brown hyaena, aardwolf, civet and serval.
Atelerix frontalis Hedgehog
Zelotomys woosnami Woosnam's Desert Rat
Graphiurus ocularis Spectacled Dormouse
Poecilogale a. albinucha African Striped Weasel
Civettictis civetta African Civet
Proteles c. cristatus Aardwolf
Hyaena brunnea Brown Hyaena
Felis s. serval Serval
Felis n. nigripes Small Spotted Cat
Panthera pardus Leopard
Hippopotamus amphibius Hippopotamus
Damaliscus l. lunatus Tsessebe
The following species have been placed in this category because at this stage there is insufficient information to judge their status.
Crocidura maquassiensis Maquassi Musk Shrew
Suncus lixus Greater Dwarf Shrew
Suncus infinitesimus Lesser Dwarf Shrew
Pipistrellus kuhlii Kuhl's Bat
Rhinolophus denti Dent's Horseshoe Bat
Cleotis percivali Short-eared Trident Bat
The following birds from the North West Province are listed in the Red Data Book (R.K. Brooke 1984), note that the 18 species labelled (F) were formerly recorded in the Province but since 1970 have never been seen again.
Neophron percnopterus Egyptian Vulture (F)
Grus carunculata Wattled Crane (F)
Botaurus stellaris Bittern (F)
Gyps coprotheres Cape Vulture
Torgos tracheliotus Lappet-faced Vulture
Polemaetus bellicosus Martial Eagle
Terathopius ecaudatus Bateleur (F)
Ardeotis kori Kori Bustard
Neotis ludwigii Ludwig's Bustard (F)
Gorsachius leuconotus White-backed Night Heron (F)
Ixobrychus sturmii Dwarf Bittern (F)
Ciconia nigra Black Stork
Phoenicopterus minor Lesser Flamingo
Porzana pusilla Baillon's Crake
Podica senegalensis African Finfoot (F)
Pterocles gutturalis Yellow-throated Sandgrouse (F)
Tyto capensis Grass Owl
Apus bradfieldi Bradfield's Swift
Mirafra chuana Short-clawed Lark
Charadrius pallidus Chestnut-banded Plover
Glareola pratincola Red-winged Pratincole
Ixobrychus minutes Little Bittern (F)
Anastomus lamelligerus Open-billed Stork
Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis Saddle-billed Stork (F)
Leptoptilos crumeniferus Marabou Stork
Mycteria ibis Yellow-billed Stork
Gypaetus barbatus Bearded Vulture (F)
Gypohierax angolensis Palmnut Vulture (F)
Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon
Sarothrura ayresi White-winged Flufftail (F)
Charadrius pallidus Chestnut-banded Plover
Glareola pratincola Red-winged Pratincole
Anthus brachyurus Short-tailed Pipit
Geronticus calvus Bald Ibis (F)
Phoenicopterus rubber Greater Flamingo (F)
Vulnerable
Python sebae natalensis African Rock Python
Habitat modification and human ignorance are possibly the two greatest threats to this snake. It is partially protected by legislation and occurs on several reserves in the province.
Peripheral
Dalophia pistillum Blunt-tailed Worm-lizard
There is only one record for this reptile in the North West Province but it is probably more common and widespread. This will be established with some serious collecting but, as with most of the smaller animals, habitat modification is a real threat.
Three species of fish that have been recorded from the Province's rivers are listed in the Red Data Book (Skelton, 2001). These are the following:
Barbus motebensis Marico Barb
Confined to the headwater tributaries of the Marico and Crocodile Rivers.
Labeobarbus kimberleyensis Orange-Vaal largemouth yellowfish
Endemic to the larger tributaries of the Orange-Vaal River system where it is becoming scarce.
Austroglanis sclateri Rock-catfish
Endemic to the Vaal-Orange River system, is threatened by the industrial and urban pollution of the rivers.
There are only two insects that occur in the North West Province listed in the Red Data Book series for South Africa and both are butterflies. Both are listed under the category indeterminate.
Metisella meninx (Family Hesperiidae)
Discovered near Potchefstroom in 1868. It inhabits marshy streams and many of its localities have since been destroyed. It has yet to be determined if this species occurs on any nature reserve.
Acraea machequena (Family Acraeidae)
A marginal species that migrates into South Africa periodically from the north and east occasionally reaching Brits. There being apparently no permanent populations there can be no threats.
Appendix 10: Background and goals of formally protected areas in the North West Province (Source: NWP&TB, 2001).
| Managed by North West Parks & Tourism Board | ||
|---|---|---|
| Protected Area | Background | Goals |
| Barberspan Nature Reserve3088 ha | Barberspan in an endopheric pan, and recognized as a wetland of international importance, as it is a declared RAMSAR site.. This pan is a permanent waterbody in the western highveld, and serves as shelter for large numbers of waterfowl and aquatic species. The pan is connected with the Harts River via an artificial channel, and the thus never dries up completely. Almost 320 species of birds have been recorded. Several Red Data Book species have been recorded, and Barberspan is a wetland of international biogeographical importance (grass pan, which is rare and unusual). |
|
| Borakalalo National Park14,000 ha | Borakalalo consists of woodland and open bushveld. The Moretele River, runs into the 800 ha Klipvoor Dam in the park, which also has a beautiful stretch of riverine forest. A wide variety of antelope, giraffe, white rhino, leopard and numerous smaller mammal species are conserved. Birdlife is particularly abundant with over 350 species recorded, including 11 eagle and 18 smaller raptors. The park is a very popular fishing spot. |
|
| Managed by North West Parks & Tourism Board | ||
|---|---|---|
| Protected Area | Background | Goals |
| Boskop Dam Nature Reserve3,150 ha | This reserve is situated in the Mooirivier, and is a perennial dam. The natural vegetation is mostly confined to very shallow, rocky and non-arable soils. Excellent aquatic habitat is available for aquatic species. Ten larger mammal species occur on this reserve. This reserve is considered suitable for the breeding of indigenous highveld game species. This is also considered as a suitable breeding spot for various bird species. |
|
| Botsalano Game Reserve5,800 ha |
Most of the area consists of undisturbed sourish mixed bushveld, with some unique species (and possible Red Data species, including raptors and pangolin) and a high invertebrate diversity. Previously a cattle ranch, the 5 800 ha Botsalano Game Reserve became part of the NWPTB in 1984. The reserve is situated approximately 30 km north of Mafikeng. Lying on the eastern edge of the Kalahari, the area consists mainly of acacia and karee woodlands and extensive grasslands dotted with olea clumps which like the dolomite geology. Birdlife - Over 180 species of birds have been recorded in the Reserve. Flora -The reserve is perhaps less well-known for its great variety and abundance of ground orchids. Wildlife - Many species of game were re-introduced into the area and over the years the reserve has gained a reputation as a fertile breeding ground for several species of animals. The reserve is best known for its herds of plains game, especially eland, zebra, black wildebeest, blue wildebeest, gemsbok, blesbok and springbok. Almost three-quarters of the white rhino in Botsalano were captured and translocated to Madikwe Game Reserve, leaving enough as a breeding stock in the reserve. |
|
| Managed by North West Parks & Tourism Board | ||
|---|---|---|
| Protected Area | Background | Goals |
| Madikwe Game Reserve75,000 ha | Madikwe is regarded as one of the finest conservation areas in Africa, offering all the major species, including lion, leopard, elephant, buffalo, both white and black rhino along with almost all the plains antelope species. A special feature of Madikwe lies in its unique location, a transition zone on the edges of the Kalahari, where several rare species occur naturally. Over 350 species of birds have been recorded including many interesting raptors. |
|
| Mafikeng Game Reserve7,000 ha |
The Mafikeng Game Reserve is situated 5 km from central Mafikeng between the Lichtenburg and Zeerust arterial roads. The reserve is , situated in the Kalihari bushveld, with acacia- dominated and sourish mixed bushveld,.
Wildlife - giraffe, small and large antelope, buffalo, rhino, zebra, warthog and ostrich. Birdlife - Birdlife is prolific with many species of the waxbill and finch families. |
|
| Managed by North West Parks & Tourism Board | ||
|---|---|---|
| Protected Area | Background | Goals |
| Molopo Nature Reserve24,000 ha |
The Molopo Thornveld is one of the habitats most in need of conservation. This reserve can support large herds of kalahari game, predators, raptors, smaller mammals, birds and reptiles. The vegetation is described as the western form of the Kalahari Thornveld Proper (Acocks 16a), and as Kalahari Plains Thorn Bushveld by Van Rooyen and Bredenkamp (Low and Rebelo 1996). The vegetation is dominated by woody trees and shrubs. Fourteen Red Data Book mammal species occur in the Molopo Nature Reserve. A wide species diversity of bird, reptiles, small and large mammals occur in the reserve. The reserve is also the core area of a Raptor Conservancy, and can deliver benefits by means of ecotourism, trophy-hunting, education, resource management, conservation extension, problem animal control etc. |
|
| Oog van Malmanie5,888 ha |
This reserve is still undeveloped, and the greater part is being leased for cattle grazing. This veld type has been classified as the Rocky Highveld Grassland, and is comprised primarily of grassland with tree patches. The Malmanie spring arises from numerous eyes situated in shallow pools.
Some free-roaming game species occurs on this reserve. The dolomitic springs are threatened by the over-exploitation of the water reserves for agricultural, domestic, recreational, industrial usage. The grassland is also considered to be under severe threat from agricultural activities. |
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| Pilanesberg National Park50,000 ha |
Pilanesberg is one of the largest volcanic complexes of its kind in the world - an alkaline complex produced by volcanic action about 1 300 million years ago. Its rare rock types and structure make it a unique geological feature, and creates a heterogeneity of vegetation types. This in turn sustains the abundant animal life in the park (now in excess of 7 000 animals including 24 of the larger species). The park has healthy populations of lion, leopard, black and white rhino, elephant and buffalo. Over 300 species of bird have been recorded. The early presence of man can be seen in the numerous Stone and Iron Age sites in the park. The Park is in fact the fourth largest park in South Africa. |
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| Managed by North West Parks & Tourism Board | ||
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| Protected Area | Background | Goals |
| Rustenburg Nature Reserve4,271 ha |
The reserve falls with-in the Magaliesberg Protected Natural Environment. The vegetation is the transitional stage between the Sourish Mixed Bushveld and the Mixed Bushveld as described by Acocks (1988). Low and Rebelo (1996) classify it as Mixed Bushveld. The reserve encloses a 21 km2 catchment area with a Phragmites mauritanus reed-swamp on the summit of the mountain range. The catchment is the main source of the Waterkloofspruit, which flows into the Hexrivier and feeds the Bospoordam.
Fifteen large mammal species occur on this reserve, while species lists for birds (MacAllister et al. 1981), reptiles and amphibians (Jacobsen et al. 1991) and fish (Kleynhans 1981) also exists. A number of rare and endangered animal and plant species occur on the reserve. |
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| S.A. Lombard Nature Reserve3,663 ha |
The reserve is located in the south region of the North West Province, and lies in the Dry Cymbopogon-Themeda veld type, which has been reclassified as the Dry Sandy Highveld grassland.
Twenty-one mammal species and 223 bird species have been identified on the reserve. This reserve was also instrumental in ensuring the survival of the Black Wildebeest.. |
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| Vaalkop Dam Nature Reserve3,996 ha |
This area is divided by the Elands River into two sections. The vegetation is described as the transition between the Sourish Bushveld and Mixed Bushveld (Acocks 1988), but was reclassified by Low and Rebelo (1996) and described as Mixed Bushveld. A diversity of floristic habitats facilitate the wide diversity of bird species present.
This veld type is being transformed through unsustainable practices, but can sustain a variety of biological diversity. Red Data plants also occur in this area. Currently no game occur on this reserve, except free-roaming species. |
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| Managed by North West Parks & Tourism Board | ||
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| Protected Area | Background | Goals |
| Wolwespruit Nature Reserve2,330 ha |
This reserve is located along the northern bank of the Vaal River, and three vegetation types are recognised on this reserve: the Vaal Riverine Bushveld, which consists of Acacia spp., Celtis africana, Rhus spp., Ziziphus mucronata and Combretum erytrhophyllum. The Kalahari Thornveld and the third veld type is the open grasslands dominated by Eragrostis-Cymbopogon-Themeda grass species.
Twenty-one mammal species occur on the reserve, while 270 bird species have been recorded on the reserve. A large number of reptiles and amphibians occur on the reserve. |
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| Water Resources | | | Contents | | | Heritage Resources |